5. Can the negative effective mass concept be applied to explain specific astrophysical phenomena, such as galaxy rotation curves or gravitational lensing?

The concept of negative effective mass within the extended classical mechanics framework offers a novel approach to explaining specific astrophysical phenomena, such as galaxy rotation curves and gravitational lensing. Traditional models, including dark matter theories, often rely on the presence of unseen mass to account for the anomalous rotation speeds of galaxies and the bending of light around massive objects. In contrast, the negative effective mass concept attributes these effects to momentum exchanges and the dynamic interactions of gravitational fields, rather than purely intrinsic spacetime curvature.

For galaxy rotation curves, the effective mass acts as a counterbalancing influence that modifies the observed rotational dynamics without requiring vast amounts of unseen matter. This approach aligns with observed deviations in rotation velocities and provides an alternative explanation for the flat rotation curves seen in galaxies, suggesting that gravitational dynamics are influenced by both the visible and effective mass components.

In the case of gravitational lensing, the bending of photon paths is understood as a result of direct momentum exchange between photons and gravitational fields rather than being purely a manifestation of spacetime curvature. This framework maintains that photons experience changes in momentum and wavelength due to gravitational interactions, preserving their intrinsic energy. The negative effective mass plays a crucial role in this interaction, influencing the observed lensing effect without necessitating a separate dark matter explanation.

Overall, the negative effective mass concept challenges conventional gravitational theories by offering a dynamic, interaction-based perspective on astrophysical phenomena, potentially reshaping our understanding of mass, gravity, and the cosmos.

The phase shift in the oscillation frequency can be used to calculate the magnitude of this time distortion using the following formula:

• For a 1° phase shift: T(deg) = (1/f)/360 = Δt or,

• For an x° phase shift: Δtₓ = x(1/360f₀)

References:

1. Thakur, S. N. (2024c). Extended Classical Mechanics: Vol-1 - Equivalence Principle, Mass and Gravitational Dynamics. Preprints.org (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202409.1190.v2
2. Thakur, S. N. (2024). Direct Influence of Gravitational Field on Object Motion invalidates Spacetime Distortion. Qeios (ResearchGate). https://doi.org/10.32388/bfmiau
3. Thakur, S. N. (2023). Photon paths bend due to momentum exchange, not intrinsic spacetime curvature. Definitions. https://doi.org/10.32388/81iiae
4. Thakur, S. N., Samal, P., & Bhattacharjee, D. (2023b). Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II. TechRxiv (ResearchGate). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.22492066.v2
5. Thakur, S. N., & Bhattacharjee, D. (2023). Phase Shift and Infinitesimal Wave Energy Loss Equations. Preprints.Org (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.1831.v1

 

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6. How does extended classical mechanics address the issue of singularity and black hole physics?

The extended classical mechanics framework offers a distinctive approach to addressing the issues of singularity and black hole physics, distinguishing itself from traditional relativistic interpretations. In contrast to general relativity, which faces challenges at singularities and is limited in describing physics beyond the Planck scale, extended classical mechanics provides an alternative perspective that incorporates gravitational and kinetic dynamics without the reliance on spacetime curvature.

This framework emphasizes that the universe's total energy is defined by the interplay between potential energy (PE) and kinetic energy (KE), with PE being proportional to dark energy contributions and KE representing motion dynamics. As the potential energy transitions from infinity towards zero and kinetic energy from zero towards infinity, a balanced state emerges, demonstrating that these opposing forces drive the universe's expansion and dynamics. This approach negates the need for traditional singularities, offering a continuous and dynamic model.

Extended classical mechanics explains black hole physics by considering the direct influence of gravitational forces on matter and energy. It proposes that negative effective mass, a concept stemming from gravitational dynamics, plays a crucial role in the motion and interaction of objects within strong gravitational fields, such as those near black holes. The equations governing this framework highlight that gravitational forces impact objects directly, rather than through spacetime distortion, invalidating the need for the singular, infinitely dense points described in conventional black hole models.

Furthermore, this framework bypasses the limitations imposed by the Planck length, which general relativity struggles to address, as it suggests that the extreme conditions near black holes do not necessarily lead to singularities but instead involve complex energy and momentum exchanges. The interaction-driven perspective of extended classical mechanics reinterprets phenomena near black holes, focusing on dynamic mass-energy relationships rather than abstract spacetime curvature.

In summary, extended classical mechanics redefines the understanding of singularity and black hole physics by integrating direct gravitational and kinetic effects, offering a coherent model that goes beyond the constraints of relativistic mechanics and avoiding the problematic infinities associated with traditional singularities.

References:

1. Thakur, S. N. (2024c). Extended Classical Mechanics: Vol-1 - Equivalence Principle, Mass and Gravitational Dynamics. Preprints.org (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202409.1190.v2

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7. How does extended classical mechanics predict the behavior of gravitational waves in the context of binary black hole mergers?

Extended classical mechanics offers an alternative framework for understanding the behaviour of gravitational waves, particularly in the context of binary black hole mergers, by focusing on the dynamic interactions of mass and energy rather than relying on spacetime curvature as described by general relativity.

Key Predictions and Insights:

Gravitational Waves as Momentum Exchange: Extended classical mechanics views gravitational waves not as ripples in spacetime but as manifestations of momentum and energy exchanges between massive bodies. In binary black hole mergers, these waves represent the oscillatory exchange of kinetic and potential energy between the interacting masses. This perspective shifts the focus from spacetime distortion to direct interactions governed by the dynamics of the merging bodies.

Effective Mass and Wave Generation:

The theory introduces the concept of effective mass, including both ordinary and apparent (negative) mass components, which influence the generation of gravitational waves. During a merger, the fluctuating effective mass and associated energy dynamics produce waves that propagate as energy disturbances. These waves encode information about the mass distribution, energy exchange rates, and dynamic forces within the merging system.

Amplitude and Frequency Characteristics:

Unlike general relativity, which ties gravitational wave properties directly to spacetime curvature changes, extended classical mechanics predicts that the amplitude and frequency of gravitational waves are closely related to the variations in effective mass and momentum transfer during the merger. As the black holes spiral inward, the increasing rate of energy exchange intensifies the wave amplitude and frequency, culminating in a peak at the point of coalescence.

Energy Conservation in Mergers:

The framework emphasizes conservation laws where the total energy—kinetic and potential—remains consistent even as gravitational waves carry energy away from the system. The merger does not violate energy conservation principles but redistributes energy between the black holes and the emitted gravitational waves, ensuring that total system energy, including radiated waves, aligns with the mechanics of interaction rather than spacetime deformation.

Avoidance of Singularities:

Extended classical mechanics inherently avoids singularity issues by not requiring infinite densities or curvatures. The predicted behaviour of gravitational waves during black hole mergers reflects continuous energy dynamics without the need for spacetime to reach undefined states. This smooth transition in wave production offers a more physically intuitive picture of the merger process.

Implications for Detection:

Gravitational waves detected from binary black hole mergers would still align with the observational data but would be interpreted as energy flows rather than spacetime disturbances. The phase and amplitude evolution of these waves, as observed by detectors like LIGO and Virgo, would still provide insights into the mass, spin, and dynamics of the merging black holes, but through the lens of direct force interactions.

Conclusion:

In the context of binary black hole mergers, extended classical mechanics predicts that gravitational waves are the result of dynamic energy exchanges between interacting masses rather than distortions of spacetime. This approach provides a consistent and alternative interpretation of wave generation, emphasizing momentum transfer and energy conservation, and aligns well with observational evidence without requiring the complex geometrical constructs of general relativity.

References:

1. Thakur, S. N. (2024c). Extended Classical Mechanics: Vol-1 - Equivalence Principle, Mass and Gravitational Dynamics. Preprints.org (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202409.1190.v2

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8. Can the framework explain the observed baryon acoustic oscillations (BAOs) in the large-scale structure of the universe?

The extended classical mechanics framework offers a unique perspective on baryon acoustic oscillations (BAOs) by emphasizing the interactions of mass and energy within the universe rather than relying solely on general relativity's treatment of spacetime. Here's how this framework can explain the observed BAOs:

Key Explanations:

Sound Waves in the Early Universe: BAOs are generated from sound waves that propagated through the hot, dense plasma of baryonic matter and radiation in the early universe. Extended classical mechanics can model these oscillations as the result of pressure and gravitational interactions between baryons and photons. As the universe expanded and cooled, these sound waves left imprints on the distribution of matter, leading to characteristic density fluctuations.

Energy Transfer Mechanism:

The framework posits that these oscillations arise from the dynamic energy exchanges between baryons and the radiation field. When baryons experience gravitational attraction, they oscillate around their equilibrium positions, creating pressure waves. This energy transfer during these oscillations is integral to understanding how BAOs manifest in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and large-scale structures.

Effective Mass Considerations:

In this context, the concept of effective mass plays a crucial role. The baryonic mass is influenced by both ordinary and apparent (negative) mass components, which can affect the dynamics of oscillations. The interplay between these masses governs how energy is distributed throughout the oscillating medium, shaping the resulting structures in the universe.

Formation of Large-Scale Structures:

As the universe expands, these oscillations contribute to the formation of large-scale structures, such as galaxy clusters. The regions of higher density resulting from BAOs lead to gravitational attraction that drives the clustering of matter. This clustering can be analysed through the framework's emphasis on energy conservation and momentum exchange, providing insights into the distribution of galaxies and cosmic structures.

Avoiding Singularities:

Extended classical mechanics sidesteps the singularity issues that arise in traditional models. By focusing on dynamic interactions and energy flow, it offers a more continuous framework for understanding the evolution of structures influenced by BAOs, without invoking undefined states or infinities.

Alignment with Observations:

The predictions of this framework regarding the scale of BAOs align with observational data from the CMB and galaxy surveys. The periodicity seen in galaxy distributions can be interpreted as the result of the coherent oscillations that originated in the early universe, reflecting the underlying dynamics of mass interactions.

Conclusion:

In summary, the extended classical mechanics framework can effectively explain baryon acoustic oscillations by modelling them as dynamic interactions of mass and energy in the early universe. By focusing on sound waves, effective mass considerations, and energy transfer mechanisms, this approach provides a coherent understanding of how BAOs influence the large-scale structure of the universe while avoiding the complications associated with singularities in traditional models.

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9. How does extended classical mechanics address the cosmological horizon problem?

Extended classical mechanics offers an alternative approach to addressing the cosmological horizon problem by focusing on the dynamics of mass and energy interactions rather than relying solely on the traditional models of inflation or cosmic expansion. Here are some key points on how this framework addresses the issue:

Key Explanations:

Dynamic Mass Interactions: The extended classical mechanics framework emphasizes the interactions between ordinary matter, dark matter, and energy, proposing that these dynamics influence the propagation of information and signals across the universe. By considering how these interactions shape the evolution of the cosmos, the framework provides a basis for understanding how regions of space that appear causally disconnected may still exhibit similar properties.

Effective Mass and Gravitational Effects:

The concept of effective mass, including both ordinary and apparent (negative) mass components, plays a crucial role in explaining how gravitational effects can reach across large distances. This perspective suggests that the gravitational influence of matter can extend beyond conventional horizons, allowing for correlations in temperature and density across vast scales.

Energy Conservation in Expanding Space:

In this framework, energy conservation remains central, even as the universe expands. The interplay between gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy contributes to the overall dynamics, enabling the transmission of information across regions that, according to standard models, should be causally disconnected. This continuity can help explain the uniformity observed in the cosmic microwave background (CMB).

Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations and Homogeneity:

By incorporating the dynamics of baryon acoustic oscillations, the framework accounts for the observed homogeneity and isotropy of the universe on large scales. These oscillations, which propagate through the early universe, create density fluctuations that influence large-scale structure formation, contributing to the apparent uniformity across the cosmological horizon.

Avoidance of Singularities:

Unlike traditional models that may encounter singularities or undefined states, extended classical mechanics provides a continuous framework for understanding cosmological evolution. This avoids issues related to horizon limits, as the dynamics of mass and energy interactions remain consistent throughout the universe's expansion.

Implications for Observational Cosmology:

The framework's predictions align with observations of the CMB and the large-scale structure of the universe. By examining how effective mass and gravitational interactions shape the cosmic landscape, the framework offers insights into the horizon problem without invoking the complexities of inflationary models.

Conclusion:

In summary, extended classical mechanics addresses the cosmological horizon problem by focusing on the dynamic interactions of mass and energy throughout the universe. By emphasizing effective mass, energy conservation, and the role of gravitational influences, this approach provides a coherent understanding of how causally disconnected regions can exhibit uniform properties, ultimately offering a new perspective on cosmic evolution and structure formation.

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