Phase shift, Red shift, Wavelength enlargement and time dilation:

Redshift is the consequence of Phase Shift of frequency; corresponding wavelength enlargement, and phaseshift also corresponds to, so called, time dilation.

#phaseshift #redshift #wavelengthdilation #timedilation

Why does the distance between two distant objects increase, which we know as the expansion of space? Answered:

Dark energy has no effect within the influence of gravity, and gravity will have no effect where dark energy dominates.

The effective mass of dark energy <0 causes anti-gravity.

Beyond the gravitational effect of any object, there is a tug-of-war between gravity and anti-gravity. 

The effective mass of dark energy is heavier than the combined mass of ordinary matter and effective mass of dark matter. So antigravity caused by dark energy overcomes gravity.

Therefore, galaxies move away, as if the space between galaxies is expanding.

#expansionofspace #intergalacticscale

Why do decaying particles last longer when moving and when stationary?

Answered the question below: 

''The phase shift in relative frequencies due to infinitesimal loss in wave energy and corresponding enlargement in the wavelengths of oscillations.''

There are interactions between weak interactions and interactions due to relativistic effects, such as gravitational interactions or speed. Speed ultimately increases gravitational potential energy. When any body moves further away, its speed and kinetic energy decrease thereby increasing its gravitational potential energy.

Nuclear decay is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation through the weak interaction. When an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation, according to Planck's equation E=hf the loss of energy by radiation causes a phase shift in the relative frequency of the atomic nucleus, correspondingly increasing its wavelength.

However, the wavelength distortion due to the phase shift in relative frequency corresponds exactly to the time distortion; By the relation λ∝T, where λ denotes the wavelength and T denotes the period of oscillation of the wave.

This fact answers the question. 'Why do decaying particles last longer when moving and when stationary?'

Reference: https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.22492066

#lossofenergy #phaseshift #wavelengthdilation #timedistortio

Question: "What determines the colour of light ? Is it the wavelength or the frequency of the light?"

Answered.....

"When a light photon hits the surface of an object, it transfers its energy to the atoms of the object, causing electrons in the outermost orbits of the atoms to absorb the photon, becoming some free electrons. The resulting photon is emitted according to the corresponding wavelength and then enters our eyes, so we see the color of the object according to the corresponding wavelength of the emitted photon."

The retina is covered with millions of light sensitive cells called rods and cones. When these cells detect light, they send signals to the brain. Cone cells help detect colors. Most people have three kinds of cone cells, these three types of cones allow us to see a certain range of the visible light spectrum on the electromagnetic spectrum, translated into colours, these colours are blue, green, and red and are called primary colours.

A monitor or TV screen generates three colors of light (red, green, and blue) and the different colors we see are due to different combinations and intensities of these three primary colors. In its most basic form, a color broadcast can be created by broadcasting three monochrome images, one each in the three colors of red, green, and blue (RGB). When displayed together or in rapid succession, these images will blend together to produce a full-color image as seen by the viewer. 

However, most of the time we see sunlight and the colors of surrounding objects, naturally, when light photons fall on the objects.

Sunlight, or visible light, are actually white in color and form a mixture of the seven colors we see in a rainbow, i.e., made of all the rainbow colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

The colour of visible light depends on its wavelength. These wavelengths range from 700 nm at the red end of the spectrum to 400 nm at the violet end. Visible light waves are the only electromagnetic waves we can see. We see these waves as the colours of the rainbow. Therefore, the human eye can detect wavelengths from 380 to 700 nanometers. 

Here are from shortest to longest wavelengths of light:

• Violet - shortest wavelength, around 400-420 nanometers with highest frequency. 
• Indigo - 420 - 440 nm.
• Blue - 440 - 490 nm.
• Green - 490 - 570 nm.
• Yellow - 570 - 585 nm.
• Orange - 585 - 620 nm.
• Red - longest wavelength, at around 620 - 780 nanometers with lowest frequency.

When light falls on the object some of it is reflected, some are transmitted and some are absorbed. The reflected rays give colours to the objects and the reason why we see things. Objects appear different colours because they absorb some colours (wavelengths of light) and reflect or transmit other colours. The colours we see are the wavelengths that are reflected or transmitted.

When a light photon hits the surface of an object, it transfers its energy to the atoms of the object, causing electrons in the outermost orbits of the atoms to absorb the photon, becoming some free electrons. The resulting photon is emitted according to the corresponding wavelength and then enters our eyes, so we see the color of the object according to the corresponding wavelength of the emitted photon.

#colour #colours #VisibleLight #light

Constants of the universe - Planck Units of Max Planck :

In 1899, German physicist Max Planck proposed a universal set of units for length, time, mass, temperature and other physical qualities. He was trying to come up with a way to define units that depended only on constants of the universe. Planck units are a set of units of measurement defined exclusively in terms of four universal physical constants, in such a manner that these physical constants take on the numerical value of 1 when expressed in terms of these units.

To determine and measure the fundamental constants. The four most important of these are:

• Speed of light c = 299792458 m s^-1
• Gravitational constant G = 6.673(10) x 10^-11 m^3 kg^-1 s^-2
• Planck’s constant (reduced) h(bar) = h/2π = 1.054571596(82) x 10^-34 kg m^2 s^-1
• Boltzmann constant k = 1.3806503(24) x 10^-23 kg m^2 s^-2K^-1

Note, that these constants in SI units: metres (m), kilograms (kg), seconds (s) and degrees Kelvin (K). The numbers in brackets represent the decimal places where the values are uncertain.

The Planck length, denoted ℓP, is a unit of length in the system of Planck units that was originally proposed by physicist Max Planck, equal to 1.616255(18)×10^−35 m. 

The Planck time tP is the time required for light to travel a distance of 1 Planck length in vacuum, which is a time interval of approximately 5.39×10^−44 s. No current physical theory can describe timescales shorter than the Planck time, such as the earliest events after the Big Bang.

However, according to Planck the velocity of electromagnetic waves, or light, is equal to one Planck length per Planck time; the limit to which photon can travel. 

Planck units are a set of units of measurement defined exclusively in terms of four universal physical constants. Originally proposed by the German physicist Max Planck in 1899, these units are a system of natural units because their definition is based on properties of nature. It may be mentioned here that Einstein first published his special theory of relativity in 1905, which describes his revolutionary ideas about light, time and energy.

Dark Energy and Andromeda-Milky Way galaxy merger:

Yes. Andromeda galaxy is moving towards us instead of moving away. This exception does not rule out that the galaxies are moving away. Because there is a reasonable scientific explanation behind this exception.

The Universe consists of less than 5% interactive baryonic matter, about 26% non-interactive but gravitationally interactive dark matter, and more than 68% dark energy - with an effective mass <0.

Galaxies or clusters of galaxies have zero-gravity spheres outside the gravitational influence, where there is a tug-of-war between gravity and anti-gravity, with dark energy causing antigravity. Dark energy, at least on the intergalactic scale, can only be effective in space unless such galaxies are gravitationally bound clusters, mega or superclusters.

A galaxy, gravitationally bound but not externally bound to a cluster of galaxies, will be affected by dark energy. That is, an independent galaxy or an independent cluster of galaxies will be affected by dark energy, whereas gravity will have no effect on dark energy-dominated space. Dark energy has no effect within the influence of gravity, and gravity will have no effect where dark energy dominates.

The effective mass of dark energy is much greater than the combined mass of ordinary matter and the effective mass of dark matter. So antigravity caused by dark energy overcomes gravity. Therefore, galaxies move away and the space between galaxies appears to expand.

The Milky Way and Andromeda belong to a small cluster of Local Group galaxies known as the Virgo Cluster. Since the Andromeda Galaxy is also gravitationally bound to the Milky Way Galaxy and bound to the Local Galactic Cluster, the distance between Andromeda and the Milky Way Galaxy does not increase, but rather decreases.

However, regardless of the merger of Andromeda and the Milky Way, the galactic clusters to which these galaxies belong will be overruled by dark energy in the distant future.

#darkenergy #gravity #antigravity #galaxymerger #effectivemass