This article realises errors of fundamental nature in the consideration of time; as in the proposition of time dilation, twin paradox, as well as this article experiences obvious wrongful method of calculation as used in the experiments relevant. As such this article holds time dilation, twin paradox and, the results of those experiments to be wrong. The time dilation, twin paradox deals with speed and gravity; it holds that faster one moves approaching the speed of light, then the succession of time becomes slower for him as he aged less than the one on Earth. Several experiments directly proved time dilation, hence twin paradox held to be true. The holding of said wrong was based on the speed-gravity affected wavelength of energy-frequency body, rather than speed-gravity affected time as in original energy-mass body, this traced on the derived equation λ∝T, where λ is the wavelength of the fast moving energy-frequency body and, T is the time period involving the wavelength of same said energy-frequency body.
- The time dilation effect of Einstein's special relativity deals with speed. The proposition conveys that the faster one moving the slower time goes for him. It is also interpreted that if one of a pair of twins makes a long journey at near the speed of light, when returns, he will have aged less than the twin who remains behind. There are several direct proofs of time dilation.
- The experiments at a particle accelerator in Germany that confirmed time moves slower for a moving clock than for a stationary one, and NASA experiments confirmed that when two very accurate atomic clocks were synchronized and one was taken on a high speed trip on an airplane, when the plane returned, the clock that took the plane ride was slower by exactly the amount Einstein's equations predicted. These experiments appear to prove propositions of time dilation and twin paradox to be well founded or true.
- As such, time dilation dependent on the relative speeds of the observers' reference frame; hence the speeding objects are out of a gravitational well in comparison to the observer.
- In general relativity (GR), gravitational redshift, known as Einstein shift, is the phenomenon in which electromagnetic waves or photons travelling out of a gravitational well subject to lose energy. Similarly an atomic clock taking a high speed trip and travelling out of a gravitational well too subject to lose energy. This loss of energy corresponds to a decrease in the wave frequency and increase in the wavelength, known as a redshift. The GR theory therefore predicts that the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation will lengthen as it climbs out of a gravitational well, this corresponds to an increase in the wavelength, or a shift to the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum – hence the name: gravitational redshift.
- However, the Planck's law helps us to calculate the energy when their frequency is known, as such wavelength is known, so one can calculate the energy by using the wave equation to calculate the frequency and then apply Planck's equation to find the energy. And the equation is E=hf - which predates Einstein’s E= mc².
- We know that frequency (f') of the wave or body is inversely proportional to the wavelength (λ) (Lambda) of that wave or body, which can be presented by the equation f ∝1/λ. The frequency (f) too is inversely proportional to time period (T) in second, and presented by the equation f ∝1/T.
- Accordingly, the wavelength (λ) of that mass-energy (wave or body) is directly proportional to the time period (T) of the wave derives the equation λ∝T. By applying the equation λ∝T we get the wave corresponds to time shift. E.g. 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz wave corresponds to a time shift of 555 picoseconds.
- In an electronic laboratory, when we do experiments, we can see that the crystal oscillators use mechanical resonance of vibrating crystals of piezoelectric material and create electrical signal with a constant frequency, and atomic oscillators are based on the interaction of electromagnetic radiation in excited states of certain atoms which is used as constant frequency. Both of these types of the oscillators are subject to mechanical stress due to gravitational force (g-force) and their frequencies correspond to respective time shifts due to the varied gravitational forces exerted on them, where the equation λ∝T applies.
- As per the Doppler Effect, an increase or decrease between the frequency (f) of waves and the observers, respectively move towards or away from each other. The effect causes the change in the red shift (as seen by the astronomers), which is supported by the equation f ∝1/λ. And in general relativity, gravitational redshift is the phenomenon in which electromagnetic waves or photons travelling out of a gravitational well subject to lose energy, which is supported by Planck’s energy-frequency equivalence represented by the equation E∝f and the frequencies subject to f ∝1/λ – this means when E decreases so f decreases resulting increase in λ since f ∝1/λ.
- Hence, the speeding objects out of gravitational well experience less gravitational force per unit mass of that body, as its energy E decreases correspondingly its frequency too (f) decreases, as a result there is the increase in its wavelength (λ) and the red shift as per the Doppler Effect. This ultimately causes less mechanical stress on oscillating particles within that body causing lowered frequency and increasing its wavelength so the body experiences enlarged time period due to the equation λ∝T. Therefore, the wavelength (λ) dilated, not its time period (T) dilated, but T reads greater time due to the event of the body as it lowered its frequency, dilating its wavelength (λ) invoking time to read more than before, when the body was in a gravitational well earlier.
- What actually happens in the experiments as can be seen in the relationship λ∝T. The experiments actually need to consider dilated wavelength and not dilated time. If the experiments consider that they observed dilation of time then it will violate fundamental characteristics of time. It would rather miscalculate T instead of calculating λ, because by considering changed/dilated values either of the value of the λ or even the value of T, one will get same result. But the illegality would be considering T as gravity affected consideration instead of appropriately considering λ as the gravity affected consideration. A λ can be influenced by gravity and change its wavelength but none can change uniformed scale of T with the effect of gravity; as time itself is not something changeable by any external interaction or influence unless such changes are in the structure of the events themselves, then only time comes into a relative consideration with the changeable events. Time itself does not participate in any eventual act rather time tracks changes in the events. So a question of changing unit scale of time itself is not only absurd but is illegal too as per valid definition and properties of time. Time dilation necessarily needs to be wavelength dilation, when λ∝T comes in to the consideration.
- Therefore, time dilation or twin paradox is absurd propositions, despite the sound reasoning and experiments from acceptable premises said, for the grounds that gravity cannot interact with time nor can it influence normal succession of time, the same happens with speed too. Succession of time is independent from events hence, independent from gravity or speed causing gravitation difference. Events only invokes the value of time, and not affecting it in its scale.
- The dark energy background produces antigravity which is stronger than the matter gravity in the present Universe as a whole. Antigravity exerted by dark energy affects a cosmic structure strongly at large scale. The effective mass of dark energy is <0 and its gravitating mass is more than matter mass that results a strong effect at large scale, as such the cosmological expansion accelerate. Had the antigravity interacted with time it could have influenced normal succession of time in a large scale time reduction. However, succession of time is normal even where dark energy produces antigravity which is stronger than the matter gravity in the present Universe at large scale.
- The succession of time is conceptual, irreversible (in its uniformed scale), in case of a clock dial; sixty uniformed divisions of seconds need to be within a circle of 360° exactly, it cannot be > 360° (to accommodate time dilation), nor can be < 360° (to accommodate time reduction.)
Therefore, this article finds errors of fundamental nature in the consideration of time; as in the proposition of time dilation, twin paradox, as well as experiences obvious wrongful method of calculation used in the experiments relevant. As such this article holds time dilation, twin paradox and, the results of those experiments to be wrong.
Time dilation is rather wavelength dilation.
- By Soumendra Nath Thakur.
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