The Primordial Existence of Plasma Before Atoms:

14-11-2024

Soumendra Nath Thakur 

Nucleosynthesis began just minutes after the Big Bang, when the universe was in an extremely hot and dense state. During this period, a quark-gluon plasma—a dense mixture of quarks and gluons—condensed to form protons and neutrons. As the universe expanded and cooled, these neutrons began to fuse with protons, creating the nuclei of deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen. This process laid the foundation for the formation of heavier elements in later stages of cosmic evolution

In cosmology, plasma indeed predated atoms in the early universe. Shortly after the Big Bang, the universe existed in an extremely hot, dense state known as the quark-gluon plasma. During this phase, matter consisted mainly of free quarks and gluons. As the universe expanded and cooled, quarks combined to form protons and neutrons, which in turn formed a dense plasma composed primarily of free electrons and nuclei. This plasma state persisted until about 380,000 years after the Big Bang.

At that time, in an event known as recombination, the universe cooled sufficiently for protons and electrons to combine, forming neutral hydrogen atoms. This allowed photons to travel freely, marking the transition from an opaque plasma-dominated universe to a transparent one, filled primarily with atoms. Hence, plasma was indeed the initial form of matter, preceding the stable formation of atoms in the observable universe.

About the research: A Symmetry and Conservation Framework for Photon Energy Interactions in Gravitational Fields:

14-11-2024

A Symmetry and Conservation Framework for Photon Energy Interactions in Gravitational Fields by Soumendra Nath Thakur presents a conceptual and mathematical advancement in quantum mechanics, offering a novel approach that seeks to reconcile quantum mechanics with gravity.

This research highlights the symmetrical nature of photon interactions in strong gravitational environments. This framework is based on the principle that the total energy of a photon remains conserved, even when it passes through an external gravitational field. This means that any energy gained or lost by a photon due to gravitational interactions is balanced, resulting in a net change of zero. 

Qeios

Distinguishing Photon Interactions: Source Well vs. External Fields

9 Feb 2024 — External Gravitational Fields In contrast, when photons or waves traverse through the gravitational fields external to the source object, their inhere...

EasyChair

Photon Interactions with External Gravitational Fields - EasyChair

25 Oct 2024 — Building upon the pioneering contributions of Max Planck and Louis de Broglie, the analysis highlights key equations such as E = hf, ρ = h/λ, and ℓp/

Here are some key points about photon energy interactions in gravitational fields:

Conservation of energy

The equation Eg=Eg expresses the conservation of photon energy in gravitational fields.

EasyChair

Photon Interactions with External Gravitational Fields - EasyChair

25 Oct 2024 — Building upon the pioneering contributions of Max Planck and Louis de Broglie, the analysis highlights key equations such as E = hf, ρ = h/λ, and ℓp.

Redshift and blueshift

The observed redshift and blueshift of photons passing through external gravitational fields are the result of an equalization of gains and losses. 

Qeios

Distinguishing Photon Interactions: Source Well vs. External Fields

9 Feb 2024 — External Gravitational Fields In contrast, when photons or waves traverse through the gravitational fields external to the source object, their inhere...

Gravitational lensing

Gravitational lensing is a result of the momentum exchange between photons and the curvature of external gravitational fields. 

EasyChair

Photon Interactions with External Gravitational Fields - EasyChair

25 Oct 2024 — Building upon the pioneering contributions of Max Planck and Louis de Broglie, the analysis highlights key equations such as E = hf, ρ = h/λ, and ℓp/

Photon behavior

Understanding photon behavior in gravity helps us understand how light interacts with massive objects and how it maintains its energy and momentum. 

Preprints.org

Photon Interactions in Gravity and Antigravity: Conservation, Dark ...

29 Sept 2023 — Photon Interaction with Gravity: Photons, despite being massless particles, do interact with gravity. Gravity is the force that attracts objects wit...

Noether's theorem

In quantum mechanics, Noether's theorem states that for every symmetry in a system, there is a corresponding physical quantity that is conserved. For example, time-symmetry leads to energy conservation, and spatial-symmetry to momentum conservation. 

StudySmarter UK

What is the relationship between symmetry and conservation laws in the context of quantum mechanics?

In quantum mechanics, symmetry and conservation laws are linked by Noether's theorem. This states that for every symmetry in the system, there is a corresponding...

Ideal Nature of Gravitational Lensing and Time Dilation:

 Soumendra Nath Thakur 

24-11-2024

Ideally, the bending of light (gravitational lensing) and time dilation (distortion) are not intrinsic properties of light’s trajectory or a clock’s oscillations; rather, they arise from external influences.

Explanation:

In the context of our physical interpretation of time and space, light should travel in a straight line in free space, unaffected by any intrinsic tendency to bend. Any observed bending of light, or gravitational lensing, is therefore not an inherent property of light itself but rather a result of external influences, such as gravitational fields, which act as perturbations on light’s path.

Similarly, time dilation—seen as a change in a clock’s oscillation rate—is not an intrinsic dilation of time. Instead, it results from external influences affecting the clock’s oscillator, which can distort time measurements. Thus, time dilation in this context is best understood as an error in time reading due to external perturbations, rather than an intrinsic characteristic of time.