Measuring Distances of Celestial Bodies Using Infrared Signals

In smaller scales, parallax is used directly to find the distance of celestial bodies (stars) from Earth (geocentric parallax) and from the Sun (heliocentric parallax). Visible light is used in parallax measurements. Parallax is effective over relatively small scales.

However, observing galaxies as old as the universe involves much larger scales, and visible light cannot reach us beyond a certain distance. This is because the shorter wavelengths of visible light are scattered by dust, vapor, and gases. Therefore, infrared signals with longer wavelengths are used to observe distant objects such as ancient galaxies. The longer wavelengths of infrared signals can penetrate dusty or gaseous environments.

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) uses near-infrared and mid-infrared cameras to observe very distant galaxies.

The above image shows the respective distances corresponding to the increased wavelengths of infrared signals, helping to determine the distances of galaxies based on the wavelengths of the signals received. Additionally, the expansion of space increases these wavelengths further, in addition to the normal increment with light-travelled distance.

Furthermore, by analysing these signals using a spectrograph—an instrument that disperses electromagnetic radiation into a spectrum and photographs or maps it—we can understand the composition of the observed object. The spectrograph converts signals according to their frequencies and corresponding wavelengths.

Therefore, by measuring the wavelengths of these signals, the distance to the object can be determined, not by using the parallax of visible light but by using infrared.

#InfraredSignals #JWST #JamesWebbSpaceTelescope #Spectrograph #GalacticDistances

Dr Louis Essen Rejects Einstein’s Relativity Theory:

These points encapsulate Essen’s main criticisms and provide insight into why he rejected Einstein’s theory of relativity.

1. Relativity as Not a Scientific Theory:

• Contradictory Assumptions: Essen argues that relativity is not a coherent scientific theory but a collection of contradictory assumptions and mistakes.

• Clock Paradox: Essen criticizes the thought experiment leading to the clock paradox, claiming it results from a fundamental mistake.

2. Measurement Units and Disciplines:

• Units of Measurement: According to Essen, Einstein lacked understanding of the units and disciplines of measurement, leading to an inconsistent theory of measurement.

• Absolute Standards: A valid theory of measurement requires absolute standards, which relativity theory denies, making it inherently contradictory.

3. Thought Experiment Mistakes:

• Equator vs. Poles Clock: Essen points out an error in Einstein’s 1905 paper where a clock at the equator is said to run slow compared to one at the poles, which is a misinterpretation validated by incorrect experimental models like Hafele-Keating.

4. Experimental Evidence:

• Marginal Effects: Essen criticizes the reliability of experiments supporting relativity, such as Eddington’s 1919 eclipse experiment and the 1972 Hafele-Keating atomic clock experiment, stating that the observed effects are marginal and not definitive evidence.

5. Sociological Issues in Science:

• Harm to Reputation: Essen admits that criticizing relativity could harm one’s professional career due to peer pressure within the scientific community.

• Manipulation of Results: Essen suggests that scientists might manipulate results to confirm accepted theories rather than disprove them.

6. Logical Consistency:

• Internal Consistency: A valid scientific theory must be internally consistent and logically sound, which Essen believes relativity is not.

• Empirical Verification: Essen argues that relativity fails to incorporate a consistent theory of measurement and cannot be empirically verified, making it pseudo-scientific rather than a true physical science.

7. Conclusion:

• Pseudo-Science: Relativity is labelled as pseudo-science by Essen due to its lack of empirical verifiability and logical consistency in measurement theory.

Reference: Dr Louis Essen Inventor Of Atomic Clock Rejects Einstein’s Relativity Theory by Harry Ricker, August 28, 2019

#ContradictoryAssumptions #ClockParadox #MeasurementUnits #ExperimentalEvidence #PseudoScience