William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) (1824-1907)

Contributions:

1. Thermodynamics:

• Absolute Temperature Scale (Kelvin Scale):

• Description: He introduced the absolute temperature scale, which is now called the Kelvin scale. It starts at absolute zero, the point where all molecular motion ceases.

• Second Law of Thermodynamics:

• Description: He made significant contributions to the second law of thermodynamics, particularly in defining the concept of absolute zero and understanding the direction of heat transfer.

2. Electromagnetism:

• Description: Thomson worked on the mathematical analysis of electricity and magnetism, which contributed to the later development of Maxwell's equations.

3. Transatlantic Telegraph Cable:

• Description: He played a pivotal role in the laying of the first successful transatlantic telegraph cable. His work on signal transmission and attenuation was critical for this achievement.

4. Kelvin's Circulation Theorem:

• Description: This theorem in fluid dynamics states that the circulation around a closed curve moving with the fluid remains constant over time.

Both Daniel Bernoulli and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) made ground breaking contributions to physics and mathematics, laying foundational principles that are still widely used today.

Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782)

Contributions:

1. Bernoulli's Principle:

• Description: It explains how the speed of a fluid (liquid or gas) relates to its pressure. As the speed of the fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases.

• Applications: This principle is fundamental in aerodynamics and is used to explain how airplane wings generate lift.

2. Kinetic Theory of Gases:

• Description: Bernoulli was one of the first to propose that gases are made up of numerous small particles in rapid, random motion. This theory laid the groundwork for the development of statistical mechanics.

3. Hydrodynamics:

• Description: He wrote "Hydrodynamica," where he formulated and applied the principles of fluid dynamics. His work provided the basis for the field of fluid mechanics.

4. Bernoulli's Equation:

• Description: It is a mathematical statement of Bernoulli's principle, relating the pressure, velocity, and height in steady, incompressible flow along a streamline.

Both Daniel Bernoulli and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) made ground breaking contributions to physics and mathematics, laying foundational principles that are still widely used today.

Schwarzschild Radius

12-07-2024

The Schwarzschild radius is a measure used in the context of black holes, representing the radius of the event horizon. The event horizon is the boundary beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape the gravitational pull of a black hole.

Equation for Schwarzschild Radius

The Schwarzschild radius (rₛ) is given by the formula:

rₛ = 2GM/c²

Where:

• G is the gravitational constant (6.67430 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻²)

• M is the mass of the object

• c is the speed of light in a vacuum (3 × 10⁸ m/s)

Description

• Gravitational Constant (G): This is a fundamental constant that quantifies the strength of gravity in Newton's law of universal gravitation.

• Mass (M): The mass of the object for which we are calculating the Schwarzschild radius.

• Speed of Light (c): The speed at which light travels in a vacuum.

The Schwarzschild radius is significant because it provides a boundary around a black hole. If an object is compressed within this radius, it will form a black hole. For instance, the Schwarzschild radius for Earth is about 9 millimetres, meaning if you could compress all of Earth's mass into a sphere with a radius of 9 millimetres, it would become a black hole.

Explanation

The Schwarzschild radius calculated using relativistic principles approximately equals the Planck length when the mass involved is on the order of the Planck mass. This connection highlights the scale at which quantum effects and gravitational considerations become significant, as envisioned by Max Planck's work.

• Relativistic Principles: The Schwarzschild radius is derived from Einstein's theory of General Relativity, which provides a relativistic description of gravity.

• Planck Length: The Planck length (ℓp) is the scale at which quantum gravitational effects are believed to become significant. It is approximately 1.616 × 10⁻³⁵ meters.

• Planck Mass: The Planck mass (mᴘ) is the mass scale at which quantum gravitational effects are expected to be important. It is approximately 2.177 × 10⁻⁸ kilograms.

When substituting the Planck mass into the Schwarzschild radius equation:

rₛ = 2Gmᴘ/c²

Given that G = 6.67430 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻² and c = 3 × 10⁸ m/s

rₛ = 2 × 6.67430 × 10⁻¹¹ × 2.177 × 10⁻⁸/(3 × 10⁸)²

This yields a radius on the order of the Planck length (ℓp = 1.616 × 10⁻³⁵ meters).

Significance

This relationship shows that at the Planck scale, both quantum mechanical and relativistic gravitational effects are significant. Max Planck introduced these fundamental units to describe the scales where the effects of quantum gravity cannot be ignored. This is why the Planck length is often considered the smallest meaningful length scale, and the Planck mass represents the mass at which a particle's Schwarzschild radius is comparable to its Compton wavelength.