Soumendra Nath Thakur
ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803
05-07-2024
This study investigates the properties and behaviour of mass in gravitational and antigravitational fields, providing a comprehensive analysis grounded in classical mechanics, Planck's theories, and recent research findings. We categorize mass into three types: the mass of matter (Mᴍ), the effective mass of dark energy (Mᴅᴇ or mᵉᶠᶠ), and the total gravitational mass (Mɢ). We demonstrate that Newton's law of gravity (F = GMm/r²) remains applicable for masses greater than zero, highlighting the relationship between mass and gravitational fields. Furthermore, we explore the implications of masses approaching zero, emphasizing the Planck mass as a critical threshold. The study also delves into the concept of negative mass and its association with antigravity, particularly in intergalactic spaces dominated by dark energy. Our findings reveal that while no mass can reach the speed of light within gravitationally bound systems, the antigravitational effect of dark energy can cause galaxies to recede at superluminal speeds. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of mass dynamics under various gravitational influences, offering new insights into the fundamental principles of the universe.
Keywords: Mass properties, Gravitational fields, Antigravitational fields, Dark energy, Planck mass, Newton's law of gravity, Intergalactic space, Superluminal speeds, Effective mass, Fundamental physics,.
I. Mass > Zero and Gravity
Mass greater than zero implies the presence of gravity. According to Newton's law of gravity, the gravitational force (F) between two masses (M and m) is given by the equation:
F = GMm/r²
II. Mass = Zero and Planck Mass
Mass equal to zero is not perceptible to humans. Even when mass approaches zero (less than 21.77 micrograms), it becomes meaningless to humans. The smallest possible radius for a mass (m) is given by:
Rₘᵢₙ = 2Gm/c²
For a mass approximately equal to 21.77 micrograms, the radius Rₘᵢₙ is equal to the Planck length (Lᴘ), representing a fundamental limit below which classical concepts of space and time do not apply.
III. Mass < Zero and Antigravity
Negative mass (mass < zero) due to antigravity is an established observational fact. Effective mass can indeed exceed the speed of light in the antigravitational field of negative mass, particularly in intergalactic spaces where dark energy dominates. The effective mass of dark energy is Mᴅᴇ(<0).
There are three types of mass: the mass of matter (Mᴍ), the effective mass of dark energy (Mᴅᴇ or mᵉᶠᶠ), and the total gravitational mass (Mɢ). These masses are relative to each other and depend on the distance from the cluster center.
The universal gravitational constant (G) relates to both the total gravitational mass (Mɢ = Mᴍ + Mᴅᴇ), dark matter, baryonic matter, and the effective mass of dark energy (Mᴅᴇ or mᵉᶠᶠ).
The Zero-Gravity Radius (Rᴢɢ) is the radius where the gravitational pull due to matter is exactly balanced by the repulsive effect of dark energy.
Mass cannot reach the speed of light applies only to gravitationally bound systems (mass > zero) of galaxies or galactic clusters. According to relativity, no mass can reach the speed of light in the local sense, primarily applying to masses within a gravitationally bound system, where immense force is needed to accelerate the mass. This force generates so much kinetic energy that it distorts the body beyond recognition as mass, causing the atomic structure to transform long before it reaches the speed of light.
However, in intergalactic space dominated by dark energy, the situation differs. Here, the antigravitational effect of dark energy can cause galaxies to recede at speeds exceeding that of light due to gravitational-antigravitational interactions between the gravity of galactic masses and the antigravity effect of dark energy. This does not involve the local acceleration of mass to the speed of light but results in galaxies covering more distance than light can travel in the same amount of time.
Conclusion
In this detailed analysis, we have explored the multifaceted properties and behaviours of mass under the influences of gravitational and antigravitational fields. Our investigation reaffirms the applicability of Newton's law of gravity for masses greater than zero and highlights the critical significance of the Planck mass as a fundamental limit in understanding mass behaviour.
We have elucidated that in gravitationally bound systems, immense forces are required to accelerate mass, leading to transformations in atomic structures long before reaching the speed of light. This finding aligns with relativistic principles, confirming that no mass can achieve light speed in such contexts.
However, our study also reveals the unique dynamics of intergalactic space dominated by dark energy. Here, the antigravitational effects can cause galaxies to recede at speeds surpassing that of light, not through local acceleration but by covering distances greater than light can in the same time frame. This phenomenon underscores the significant role of dark energy in shaping the large-scale structure of the universe.
By categorizing mass into the mass of matter, effective mass of dark energy, and total gravitational mass, we provide a nuanced understanding of mass interactions and their gravitational implications. This work enriches our comprehension of fundamental physics, offering new perspectives on the interplay between mass, gravity, and dark energy. Our findings pave the way for further research into the behaviour of mass in various cosmic environments, enhancing our grasp of the universe's underlying principles.
Note: The above study was based on an erroneous equation Rₘᵢₙ = Gm/c². The correct form should be Rₘᵢₙ = 2Gm/c², which is the Schwarzschild radius (Rₛ). Setting Rₘᵢₙ to the Planck length Lᴘ, the mass m resolves to the Planck mass mᴘ≈21.77 µg. The study is corrected or modified accordingly.
#Massproperties, #Gravitationalfields, #Antigravitationalfields, #Darkenergy, #Planckmass, #Newtonslawofgravity, #Intergalacticspace, #Superluminalspeeds, #Effectivemass, #Fundamentalphysics,
