Soumendra Nath Thakur
ORCiD:0000-0003-1871-7803
November 30,2024
Abstract
This study presents the determination of the constant effective acceleration (aᵉᶠᶠ) and the associated force (Fₚₕₒₜₒₙ) experienced by electromagnetic waves, specifically photons, within the framework of Extended Classical Mechanics. The photon’s motion is analysed based on the distance travelled in one second, under the assumption of constant acceleration. The analysis reveals a constant effective acceleration of 6 × 10⁸ m/s², producing a negative effective force due to the negative apparent mass (Mᵃᵖᵖ) of the photon, exhibiting an antigravitational effect. This elucidates the interaction dynamics of photons in gravitational fields.
Keywords: Constant effective acceleration, antigravitational force, photons, Extended Classical Mechanics, apparent mass, electromagnetic waves.
Elucidation
Determination of Constant Effective Acceleration
The motion of photons is described using the equation for constant acceleration:
Δd = v₀Δt + (1/2)aᵉᶠᶠ(Δt)²
Where:
- Δd = Distance travelled by the photon (3 × 10⁸ m),
- v₀ = Initial velocity (0m/s at emission),
- Δt = Time interval (1 s),
- aᵉᶠᶠ = Effective acceleration to be determined.
Substituting the values:
3 × 10⁸ m = 0·1 s + (1/2)aᵉᶠᶠ(1)²
Solving for aᵉᶠᶠ:
aᵉᶠᶠ = 6 × 10⁸ m/s²
Effective Force Acting on Photons
The force experienced by photons arises from their effective mass (Mᵉᶠᶠ = −Mᵃᵖᵖ) and is given by:
Fₚₕₒₜₒₙ = −Mᵃᵖᵖ·aᵉᶠᶠ
Using the Extended Classical Mechanics force equation, F = (Mᴍ −Mᵃᵖᵖ)·aᵉᶠᶠ = Mᵉᶠᶠ·aᵉᶠᶠ, the terms simplify for photons, as the matter mass Mᴍ = 0, and velocity v=c:
Fₚₕₒₜₒₙ = −Mᵉᶠᶠ·aᵉᶠᶠ
Antigravitational Implications
The negative apparent mass (Mᵃᵖᵖ) results in a negative force, implying an antigravitational interaction. This force opposes the gravitational attraction and contributes to the constant speed of photons, consistent with their behaviour in gravitational fields.
Conclusion
Within the framework of Extended Classical Mechanics, the interaction of electromagnetic waves, such as photons, with gravitational fields reveals:
1. A constant effective acceleration aᵉᶠᶠ = 6 × 10⁸ m/s²
2. A negative force Fₚₕₒₜₒₙ = −Mᵉᶠᶠ·aᵉᶠᶠ, signifying an antigravitational effect.
This antigravitational force is a direct consequence of the negative apparent mass of photons, offering a deeper understanding of their motion and interaction in gravitational environments.
