Soumendra Nath Thakur
29-07-2024
Abstract
This study examines the behaviour of potential energy across macro-gravitational and micro-gravitational (electromagnetic) systems. It highlights how gravitationally bound objects and electrons in atomic structures exhibit negative potential energy and explores how this energy varies as these entities move away from their respective attractive centres. The analysis includes the transition into an antigravitational state influenced by dark energy at the macro scale and draws parallels with the potential energy of electrons in electromagnetic systems. The study identifies key similarities and distinctions between these scales.
Keywords: potential energy, gravitational systems, dark energy, electromagnetic systems, antigravitational state
Description
In a macro-gravitational context, when a gravitationally bound object or quantum of energy moves away from a larger gravitationally bound system, its gravitational potential energy becomes negative. As it exits the zero-gravity sphere induced by dark energy around the system, it transitions into an antigravitational state.
Similarly, in a micro-gravitational context, the potential energy of an electron is defined as zero at an infinite distance from the atomic nucleus or molecule, resulting in negative potential energy for the electromagnetically bound electron.
In quantum mechanics, if an atom, ion, or molecule is at its lowest possible energy level, it is said to be in the ground state. If it is at a higher energy level, it is in an excited state. Electrons in this state have absorbed energy and moved to higher energy levels compared to the ground state. An energy level is termed degenerate if multiple measurable quantum mechanical states correspond to the same energy level.
Explanation
Macro-Gravitational Scale
1. Gravitational Potential Energy:
• In a gravitationally bound system, the potential energy of
an object (or quantum of energy) is typically negative because work is required
to move it to an infinite distance where the potential energy is zero.
• As the object moves away from the larger gravitationally bound system, it climbs the gravitational potential well, increasing its potential energy but remaining negative until reaching a sufficiently large distance where the potential energy can be considered zero.
2. Zero-Gravity Sphere and Dark Energy:
• The zero-gravity sphere, defined in the context of dark
energy, is the radius where the gravitational attraction of the bound system is
balanced by the repulsive force of dark energy.
• Beyond this sphere, the repulsive force of dark energy dominates, pushing the object into an "antigravitational state," where it experiences a net repulsive force and an increase in potential energy.
Micro-Gravitational Scale (Electromagnetic)
1. Electromagnetic Potential Energy:
• For an electron bound to an atomic nucleus or molecule,
the potential energy is zero at an infinite distance from the nucleus.
• Within the atom or molecule, the electron's potential
energy is negative due to the electromagnetic force.
• If an atom, ion, or molecule is at the lowest possible energy level, it and its electrons are said to be in the ground state. If it is at a higher energy level, it is considered excited, with electrons at these higher energy levels being termed excited. An energy level is considered degenerate if multiple measurable quantum states correspond to the same energy value.
Consistency and Analogies
1. Negative Potential Energy:
• Both gravitational and electromagnetic systems follow a convention where the potential energy is zero at infinite distance. In both systems, bound objects (whether massive or electrons) have negative potential energy due to being within the attractive potential well of the binding force.
2. Transition to Different States:
• In the macro-gravitational scenario, as objects move beyond the zero-gravity sphere influenced by dark energy, they transition into a state dominated by repulsive forces (antigravitational state). This is conceptually similar to an electron’s potential energy becoming less negative as it moves away from the nucleus, though dark energy does not have a direct analogue in electromagnetic contexts.
3. Force Balance and Potential Energy:
• The balance of forces (gravitational vs. dark energy and electromagnetic attraction vs. kinetic energy) determines the potential energy state. Both systems see an increase in potential energy as they move away from the attractive centre, becoming less negative or approaching zero.
Conclusion
This study consistently explains how potential energy behaves in both macro-gravitational and micro-gravitational (electromagnetic) scales. Key points include:
• In gravitational systems, potential energy is negative for
bound objects and increases as they move away from the centre of attraction,
potentially entering an antigravitational state due to dark energy.
• In electromagnetic systems, electrons bound to nuclei have negative potential energy that becomes less negative as they move away.
By comparing these systems, this study effectively illustrates the similarities in potential energy concepts across different scales while acknowledging the unique influence of dark energy in the macro-gravitational context.
The Essence of Classical Newtonian Mechanics:
Classical Newtonian mechanics is versatile and can describe systems under both gravitational and antigravitational conditions. Despite the existence of relativistic mechanics, Newtonian mechanics remains a robust framework due to its ability to handle a broad range of scenarios effectively. Its applicability in various contexts, including those with significant antigravitational effects, highlights its enduring relevance and completeness in many physical situations.
