Soumendra Nath Thakur
ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803
December 22, 2024
Abstract:
This study explores the behaviour of light as a wave, its propagation through various gravitational conditions, and its role as the sole source of electromagnetic waves across the spectrum. Photons, massless carriers of the electromagnetic force, escape gravitational wells by exerting a negative anti-gravitational force, expending interaction energy. Extended classical mechanics introduces concepts such as negative apparent mass and effective acceleration for photons, distinguishing them from massive subatomic particles. The framework integrates Planck's energy-frequency relation with force and energy equations for subatomic particles, challenging relativistic principles like time dilation and spacetime curvature. A universal rest frame is proposed to explain physical changes caused by motion and gravity, offering an alternative to traditional relativistic interpretations.
Nature of Light and Matter:
The scientific understanding of light as a wave aligns with its ability to propagate through free space, regardless of gravitational influences, zero-gravity conditions, or anti-gravitational forces. Visible light constitutes a small portion of the broader electromagnetic spectrum. Photons, as gauge bosons and carriers of the electromagnetic force, are distinct from quark-formed particles. Lacking mass, photons exist solely in energetic forms, either as free photons or when absorbed by electrons, making them the sole sources of electromagnetic waves across the spectrum.
Max Planck’s 1900 formulation of the energy-frequency relationship, E=hf, underpins the understanding of photon energy across the electromagnetic spectrum. Photons emitted from gravitational wells carry inherent energy (E) and gravitational interaction energy (Eg), with a negative anti-gravitational force enabling their escape by expending Eg. Beyond gravitational influence, photons retain their inherent energy (E) unless interacting with new fields. In dark-energy-dominated space, photons gradually lose energy over vast distances, extending their wavelengths beyond the radio wave spectrum until mobility ceases as their frequency approaches zero.
Extended classical mechanics incorporates negative apparent mass and effective constant acceleration into the force equations for massless photons, reflecting inertial mass (m<0). In contrast, massive subatomic particles—such as protons, neutrons, and electrons—oscillate at specific frequencies and differ fundamentally from massless photons. Protons and neutrons originate from quarks, while electrons derive from leptons. Force equations for these particles include effective mass (comprising rest mass and negative apparent mass) and effective acceleration, with their rest masses being positive (m>0).
Planck’s energy-frequency equation applies to photons and electromagnetic waves, while the mass-energy relations of protons, neutrons, and electrons may conform to extended classical mechanics. This framework integrates force and energy equations with relativistic mass-energy equations and Planck’s energy-frequency equation, supported by phase-shift and infinitesimal wave-energy-loss equations, as proposed by S. N. Thakur et al.
The notion of a universal rest frame where light travels aligns with principles of physical science but diverges from relativity. Relativistic concepts of time dilation and spacetime curvature are criticized for relying on biased experiments and arbitrary interpretations of space and time. Although mathematically compelling, Lorentz transformations fail in physical application due to the neglect of acceleration effects between reference frames and material deformations. Motion-induced physical changes occur within a universal rest frame, challenging the foundational premises of both Special and General Relativity.
