Nothing can travel faster than light in a gravitationally bound system. Gravity won't allow that. In 1899, Max Planck proposed fundamental natural units for length, mass, time, and energy. He used dimensional analysis to derive these units, including Planck length (ℓP) and the speed of light (c). Planck length is equal to one Planck length per Planck time (ℓP/tP=c), which describes the speed at which photons travel.
However, beyond the gravitational influence of galaxies or clusters, anti-gravity caused by dark energy can occur, allowing entire galaxies or clusters to recede from each other at effective speeds greater than the speed of light. This is due to the repulsive force of dark energy acting on massive bodies, rather than their motion through space. This concept is crucial in understanding the true abstract nature of space and time rather than natural space-time.
The Planck length is expected to be the shortest measurable distance. Any attempt to investigate the possible existence of shorter distances by performing higher-energy collisions would inevitably result in black hole production, according to some theories of quantum gravity.
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