Soumendra Nath Thakur | ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803
March 24, 2026
The Eddington Experiment of 1919 is widely regarded as the first experimental confirmation of the General Theory of Relativity. However, a fundamental epistemic question remains unresolved: did the experiment uniquely validate the mechanism of spacetime curvature, or did it merely confirm the existence of light deflection under solar influence?
This work re-examines the 1919 observation within the framework of Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM). It is shown that the experiment establishes only the empirical факт of angular deviation of light, without uniquely determining its underlying cause. ECM provides an alternative, fully dynamical interpretation based on frequency-governed energy redistribution, expressed through the transformations ΔPEᴇᴄᴍ ↔ ΔKEᴇᴄᴍ ↔ ΔMᴍ and the emergence of effective gravitational mass (Mᵉᶠᶠ).
Gravitational lensing and related phenomena are demonstrated to arise from symmetric wavelength–momentum (λ–ρ) gradients induced by ∇(ΔPEᴇᴄᴍ), rather than from spacetime curvature. This formulation unifies electromagnetic propagation and gravitational interaction under a single phase–frequency–energy framework, offering a physically intuitive and mathematically consistent alternative to geometric interpretations.
In short: gravitational lensing is:
- A frequency–momentum regulated electromagnetic response
- Governed by phase–energy redistribution
- Manifesting through Mᵉᶠᶠ-induced modulation
- —not a consequence of spacetime curvature, but a direct outcome of ECM field dynamics.
The manuscript follows.....
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