Gravity as a Force and the Misinterpretation of Time Dilation and Spacetime Curvature.

Soumendra Nath Thakur
16 September 2024

Gravity is a fundamental force that attracts objects toward each other, caused by the interaction between masses.

• Gravitational Force: The attraction between two objects.
• Mass: The larger the mass, the stronger the gravitational pull.
• Distance: Gravitational force weakens as the distance between masses increases.
• Earth's Gravity: Keeps objects on the ground and causes them to fall.
• Planets: Gravity holds planets in orbit around the sun.

There are four fundamental forces of nature:

• Gravity: Responsible for keeping planets in orbit and holding us to Earth.
• Electromagnetism: Governs forces such as those keeping a book on a table, where electrons in the table repel those in the book.
• Strong Nuclear Force: One of the fundamental forces.
• Weak Nuclear Force: Critical for nuclear fusion in the sun.

These forces are also known as fundamental interactions.

However, while Albert Einstein proposed that gravity is the curvature of spacetime (a combination of space's three dimensions—length, width, and height—and time), this notion is flawed. Einstein’s theory suggests that more massive objects warp spacetime, creating what we perceive as gravity. Unfortunately, in doing so, Einstein also claimed time is "natural" and subject to dilation (t' > t) under motion or differences in gravitational potential.

This assertion is incorrect. Einstein's work lacked solid experimental support for time dilation. The biased experiments that followed confirmed time dilation only by overlooking the real cause—time distortion due to phase shifts in relative frequencies. Over 128 years, no one has adequately falsified Einstein's theory due to these biased results.

My research scientifically disproves time dilation and provides a correct explanation for time distortion. I demonstrate that 'Relative time emerges from relative frequencies.' The phase shift in relative frequencies, due to infinitesimal energy loss and wavelength elongation caused by relativistic effects or differences in gravitational potential, leads to errors in clock readings, which have been mistakenly interpreted as time dilation.

The phase shift in the oscillation frequency can be used to calculate the magnitude of this time distortion using the following formula:

• For a 1° phase shift: T(deg) = (1/f)/360 = Δt or,
• For an x° phase shift: Δtₓ = x(1/360f₀)

Similarly, Einstein's view of space as a physical entity is mistaken. Space is a set of dimensions (height, depth, and width) in which things exist and move—mathematical concepts rather than physical entities. Experimenters, influenced by bias, accepted gravitational lensing as evidence of spacetime curvature, when it is actually due to the curvature in gravitational fields, not spacetime. My research provides the correct explanation for gravitational lensing.

In this context, the following mathematical presentation explores the behaviour of photons in strong gravitational fields:

• Equations:
• E = hf; ρ = h/λ; ℓₚ/tₚ
• Eg = E + ΔE = E − ΔE; E = Eg
• Eg = E + Δρ = E − Δρ = E; h/Δλ = h/−Δλ
• Eg = E; Δρ =−Δρ; ℓₚ/tₚ

Where: 

• c: Speed of light for photons 

• E: Energy of a photon 
• f: Frequency of a photon 
• h: Planck's constant 
• ℓₚ: The Planck length. 1.6×10⁻³⁵ metres. 
• tₚ: The Planck time.  5.39×10⁻⁴⁴ seconds. 
• Δλ: A change in wavelength of a photon 
• Δρ: A change in momentum of a photon 
• λ: Wavelength of a photon 
• ρ: Momentum of a photon 

These equations demonstrate the consistency of photon energy in gravitational fields and reveal a symmetrical relationship between photon energy and gravitational fields, challenging general relativity’s predictions. This suggests that general relativity is either incomplete or incorrect in this context.

Therefore, Einstein’s notion that gravity is the curvature of spacetime is a flawed presentation, and the relativistic idea that gravity is not a force but a consequence of curved spacetime is incorrect.

#GravityIsForce #TimeDilation #CurvatureInSpacetime is #wrong

Equivalence of Inertial and Gravitational Mass in Classical Mechanics.

15-09-2024

The equivalence principle in classical mechanics posits that inertial mass (Mᴍ) is equal to gravitational mass (Mɢ), i.e., 

Mᴍ = Mɢ.

Given that:

Inertial mass is related to acceleration by:

Mᴍ = F/a

Gravitational mass is expressed as:

Mɢ = Fɢ·r²/G·Mᴍ

Thus, the equivalence principle (Mᴍ = Mɢ) leads to:

F/a = Fɢ·r²/G·Mᴍ

This equation shows that the force (F) causing acceleration (a) due to an object’s inertial mass is equivalent to the gravitational force (Fɢ) exerted by mass (Mᴍ) at a distance (r), scaled by the gravitational constant (G).

Interpretation:

The equivalence principle demonstrates that an object's resistance to acceleration (inertial mass) is indistinguishable from its gravitational interaction (gravitational mass), highlighting the fundamental relationship between gravity and inertia in classical mechanics.

This principle is key to understanding both classical and relativistic physics, illustrating the balance between gravitational and inertial forces through r, a, and G.

#EquivalencePrinciple #ClassicalMechanics

Clarifying the Inapplicability of Time Dilation to Light and the Role of Planck Length

15 September 2024

ResearchGate Discussion Link

Dear Robert A. Phillips,

Thank you for your thoughtful question. My paper maintains that light is not subject to time dilation, and this is a consistent stance given that time dilation applies to objects or systems experiencing either relative velocity or differences in gravitational potential, both of which apply to masses moving at speeds less than the speed of light. Time dilation, as understood in relativistic terms, does not apply to light itself.

For time dilation to occur, one needs two clocks—one stationary and one in motion. When the moving clock reaches the speed of light, it ceases to function as a clock since time, in that frame, would no longer progress in a measurable way. Hence, time dilation is not applicable to light, which always travels at a constant speed, unaffected by these considerations.

The consideration of light's redshift or blueshift due to gravitational effects is important, but it's critical to differentiate between these phenomena and time dilation. Redshift or blueshift causes a change in the frequency and wavelength of light, which results in time delay or distortion, not dilation. A standard clock would measure time distortion or delay (a deviation in the measured time due to the change in wavelength) but not the enlargement of time associated with time dilation.

Regarding your point on the Planck length, this unit is derived from fundamental constants such as c, G, ħ, and kB and thus naturally includes gravitational consequences. The Planck length, defined long before the introduction of general relativity and the concept of spacetime warpage, remains consistent within the relativistic framework, although it represents a scale at which classical interpretations of spacetime break down, and quantum gravitational effects must be considered.

Thus, while Planck length is a vital concept, it does not directly tie into the observable warpage of spacetime in the way time dilation is often described.

In Summary:

In my paper, I maintain that light is not subject to time dilation, as time dilation arises from relative motion or gravitational potential differences between two clocks, which are constrained by velocities below the speed of light. Since light always travels at the speed of light, it cannot experience time dilation like matter does. If a clock were to reach the speed of light, it would no longer function, as it would lose its capacity to measure time.

Redshift and blueshift result from changes in wavelength and frequency, which I define as time distortions, not time dilation. The equation c = f⋅λ ensures that frequency and wavelength changes are inversely related, and these variations cause time distortions Δt = 1/T, distinct from time dilation (t' > t), which involves the relative expansion of time.

Regarding Planck length, it belongs to the Planck unit system, based on constants c, G, ħ, and kB. Planck length includes gravitational effects and was formulated before the concept of spacetime warpage in general relativity. While gravitational lensing results from spacetime warping, it does not alter the Planck units themselves. Near the Planck scale, quantum gravity effects dominate, rendering classical relativity inapplicable.

Best regards,

Soumendra Nath Thakur

Clarifying Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and Gravitational Dynamics: A Response to Robert A. Phillips

15 September 2024

ResearchGate Discussion Link

Dear Mr. Robert A. Phillips,

Thank you for sharing your thought-provoking question. I appreciate the depth of your inquiry, but I would like to offer a few clarifications and alternative perspectives based on my research.

Firstly, I would differ slightly with the beginning of your statement, "Based on the descriptions and observations of dark matter and dark energy." The current scientific understanding does not actually provide direct descriptions or observations of dark matter and dark energy themselves. Instead, we observe their gravitational effects on the universe. The term "dark" is used to signify that these entities do not emit or reflect light, as opposed to "illuminating" baryonic matter. Dark matter, especially baryonic dark matter, is hypothesized to be made up of baryons, manifesting in forms like diffuse gas clouds, low-luminosity stars, and planets. However, this baryonic dark matter makes up only a small fraction of the overall dark matter content in the universe.

Moreover, when discussing dark matter in the context of your model, my focus lies not on dark matter as a medium but on its observable gravitational effects. My research addresses how matter mass (Mᴍ), which includes both baryonic and non-baryonic dark matter, affects classical mechanics, especially in terms of gravitational dynamics and mass measurements within an extended framework.

As for your interpretation of dark energy as "propagating gravitational waves caused by the gravitational acceleration of matter," this seems to suggest treating gravitational waves as a form of substance. However, my research frames dark energy not as a substance, but as a phenomenon emerging from cosmic motion and gravitational dynamics. Dark energy manifests through the effects of motion and the gravitational interactions of matter rather than being a material entity. Specifically, the apparent negative mass (−Mᵃᵖᵖ) and the negative effective mass of dark energy (Mᴅᴇ) are better understood as consequences of motion and gravitational dynamics rather than being tangible substances.

This view aligns with the extended classical mechanics framework, offering a coherent explanation of gravitational interactions, particularly in systems impacted by dark energy and apparent negative mass. My work emphasizes the role of cosmic motion and its relationship with gravitational forces in shaping our understanding of dark energy.

I hope this response clarifies my perspective and contributes to our shared understanding of these cosmic phenomena. I appreciate your engagement with these complex ideas.

Best regards,

Soumendra Nath Thakur

Redefining Mass Profiles in Extended Classical Mechanics:

Date: 15 September 2024

The research titled "Extended Classical Mechanics: Vol-1 - Equivalence Principle, Mass and Gravitational Dynamics" builds on the concept of dark energy's antigravity, aligning with the work of A.D. Chernin et al. on dark energy and the structure of the Coma Cluster of galaxies. It redefines mass profiles by introducing the concept of Apparent Mass (Mᵃᵖᵖ), a negative mass component that influences Effective Mass (Mᵉᶠᶠ). By incorporating the antigravity effects of dark energy and revising mass profiles, this study enhances the applicability of classical mechanics to cosmic structures, offering new insights into the universe's gravitational dynamics. The integration of these concepts helps to refine our understanding of cosmic phenomena and supports the development of a more comprehensive model in extended classical mechanics.

Dark Energy and the Structure of the Coma Cluster of Galaxies: Redefining Mass and Gravitational Dynamics in Extended Classical Mechanics:

The study explores the implications of dark energy on classical mechanics, focusing on its influence on gravitational dynamics and mass measurements within the framework of extended classical mechanics. Building on the ΛCDM cosmology, which models dark energy as a uniform, vacuum-like fluid, this research re-examines the structure of galaxy clusters, particularly the Coma cluster, using a theoretical framework that incorporates both dark energy and matter mass.

Recent advancements highlight the need to integrate dark energy's effects into gravitational dynamics, revealing that dark energy contributes significantly to the effective mass and influences the structure of galaxy clusters at large scales. The analysis, based on observational data and theoretical models, identifies three critical masses: matter mass Mᴍ and total gravitating mass Mɢ = Mᴍ + Mᴅᴇ , dark-energy effective mass  Mᴅᴇ (negative). This framework leads to a new matter density profile that aligns with observed data for the Coma cluster and addresses the limitations of traditional models.

The study proposes that the effective gravitating density of dark energy is negative, producing antigravity that can surpass gravitational effects on scales up to 20 Mpc. This finding challenges existing models and suggests that galaxy clusters' total size and mass must account for dark energy's influence. The analysis also revises the matter mass profiles of clusters, using a modified Hernquist profile that better matches observational data and provides more accurate estimates of cluster mass and size.

By incorporating dark energy's antigravity effects and redefining mass profiles, this work enhances classical mechanics' applicability to cosmic structures and provides new insights into the universe's gravitational dynamics. The integration of these concepts helps refine our understanding of cosmic phenomena and supports the development of a more comprehensive model of extended classical mechanics.

Keywords: dark energy, classical mechanics, galaxy clusters, Coma cluster, effective mass, gravitational dynamics, ΛCDM cosmology, antigravity, mass profiles,

#darkenergy, #classicalmechanics, #galaxyclusters, #Comacluster, #effectivemass, #gravitationaldynamics, #ΛCDMcosmology, #antigravity, #massprofiles,