Extended Classical Mechanics: Redefining Force, Mass, and Light.

Soumendra Nath Thakur 

April 24, 2025

This Reading List explores the foundations and implications of Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) — a novel framework that redefines motion, gravity, and light through dynamic mass interactions. ECM generalizes Newtonian mechanics to unify the behavior of massive and massless particles, introducing concepts like negative apparent mass and effective mass to explain inertial and gravitational phenomena across both local and cosmological scales.

Key highlights include:

• A generalized mechanics that extends classical force laws and gravitational principles into relativistic domains  

• A fresh interpretation of photon dynamics and antigravitational behavior, without relying on spacetime curvature  

• A reconstruction of relativistic effects like time dilation and gravitational lensing through frequency and wavelength dynamics  

• A natural alignment with cosmological observations, where ECM’s negative effective mass corresponds to the repulsive component of dark energy described by Chernin et al. (2013)

This list includes two foundational and other works:

• [Foundational Formulation of Extended Classical Mechanics: From Classical Force Laws to Relativistic Dynamics](https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202504.1501.v1)  

• Foundational Formulation of Extended Classical Mechanics: From Classical Gravitational Laws to Relativistic Dynamics (forthcoming)  

• [Photon Dynamics in Extended Classical Mechanics: Effective Mass, Negative Inertia, Momentum Exchange and Analogies with Dark Energy](https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202411.1797.v1)

• [A Nuanced Perspective on Dark Energy: Extended Classical Mechanics](https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202411.2325.v1)  

• [Photon Interactions with External Gravitational Fields: True Cause of Gravitational Lensing](https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202410.2121.v1)

• [Re-examining Time Dilation through the Lens of Entropy](https://doi.org/10.32388/XBUWVD) 

• [Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II](https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.22492066.v2)  

• [Dark energy and the structure of the Coma cluster of galaxies](https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201220781) — A.D. Chernin et al., Astronomy & Astrophysics (2013)

ECM not only fills crucial gaps in relativity — such as its treatment of acceleration and gravitational field interactions — but also achieves empirical consistency with astrophysical and laboratory data, including studies on galaxy cluster dynamics and oscillator-based time shift experiments.