Time distortion occurs only in clocks with mass under relativistic effects, not in electromagnetic waves

Thakur, Soumendra. (2023). Time distortion occurs only in clocks with mass under relativistic effects, not in electromagnetic waves. 10.32388/7OXYH5. 

This research paper titled "Time distortion occurs only in clocks with mass under relativistic effects, not in electromagnetic waves" explores the phenomenon of time distortion resulting from phase shifts in oscillating waves, focusing on its effects on clocks with mass under relativistic conditions. Unlike electromagnetic waves, time distortion occurs in oscillators or clocks with specific conditions of mass, velocity, or gravitational potential. The relationship between phase shift and time delay is established, incorporating calculations involving frequency and wavelength. Real-world examples, such as the atomic clocks of GPS satellites, are provided to illustrate practical applications. The distinction between time distortion and time delay in electromagnetic waves is emphasized, with particular attention to the role of Planck time in defining a fundamental limit. The concept of the ratio of Planck period to Planck length is introduced as a representation of the speed limit of electromagnetic waves, resulting in a derived value of time delay per kilometer. This value underscores that electromagnetic waves experience time delay rather than the same type of time distortion observed in massive objects, highlighting their propagation speed and the absence of relativistic effects.