This research introduces the idea that gravitational redshift occurs within the gravitational influence of massive objects (e.g., galaxies), but as photons move beyond these regions, they also experience cosmic redshift caused by the influence of dark energy, which results in a greater observed redshift. This is a novel interpretation that suggests that the expansion of space driven by dark energy can affect the observed properties of photons, leading to a greater perceived distance traveled.
The Universe is composed of various components, with less than 5% being interactive baryonic matter, approximately 26% consisting of non-interactive but gravitationally interactive dark matter, and a substantial majority of over 68% being dark energy. This dark energy possesses an effective mass that is less than zero.
The relationship between gravity and dark energy is akin to a cosmic tug of war. While gravity exerts a force that draws galaxies closer together, dark energy exerts an opposing force, pushing these galaxies apart. This dynamic interplay is most evident in galaxies or clusters of galaxies, where zero-gravity spheres exist beyond the reach of gravitational influence. The overall expansion or contraction of the universe hinges on which force holds dominance at a particular time – gravity or dark energy. Dark energy, in particular, creates an anti-gravitational effect, consistently winning in this celestial tug of war. Beyond the gravitational influence of any object, there exists an ongoing contest between gravity and anti-gravity. Many fundamental principles of standard cosmological models describe the roles of gravity and expansion. This universal "tug of war" manifests itself as a dynamic, ever-changing universe, rather than a static one. This raises the fundamental question: How exactly is the universe evolving?
The structure of a typical cosmic cluster consists of three key mass components: matter mass (Mᴍ), dark-energy effective mass (Mᴅᴇ, with a value less than zero), and gravitating mass (Mᴳ). The dark energy backdrop exerts a more potent anti-gravity influence compared to the gravitational force of matter, resulting in the acceleration of cosmological expansion. This anti-gravity effect can be globally and locally stronger on scales ranging from approximately 1 to 10 Megaparsecs (Mpc). The effective density of dark energy, from a gravitational perspective, is negative, thus generating anti-gravity. Gravity dominates at distances within R < Rzᴳ, while anti-gravity becomes more pronounced at distances greater than Rzᴳ. A gravitationally bound system with a mass of Mᴍ can only exist within the zero-gravity sphere with a radius of Rzᴳ.
When considering the propagation of light, the concept of "light travel distance" comes into play. This distance refers to the path that light travels through free space in a given time. It is influenced by redshift and is calculated by measuring 'light travel time'.
In contrast, the 'proper distance' pertains to the separation between an observer and a source at a specific time 't'. This distance is not constant; it changes over time due to the continuous expansion of the universe. It signifies the distance between two galaxies at that specific time 't', which can vary as the universe continues to expand.
Gravitational Redshift:
Gravitational redshift occurs when a photon of light is emitted from a massive object (a "star") located at a distance (r) from the center of the object (the "star").
This process results in the stretching of the photon's wavelength, causing a "gravitational redshift" (λ/λ0) in the observed light.
Gravitational redshift is relevant within the gravitational influence of the massive object, such as a galaxy, specifically within the zero-gravity sphere of that galaxy with a radius (r) from its center.
Anti-Gravity and Cosmic Redshift:
The text introduces the concept of antigravity, driven by dark energy, which opposes gravitational effects.
The argument is that within the gravitational influence of a galaxy (up to the zero-gravity sphere), only gravitational redshift occurs. The speed of the photon remains constant at 'c' (the speed of light).
However, when the photon moves beyond the zero-gravity sphere (at a distance r from the center of the "star"), it begins to experience "cosmic redshift" in addition to gravitational redshift. Cosmic redshift is calculated as {(λ_obs - λ_emit)/ λ_emit}.
Effective Redshift:
The effective redshift of the photon is the combined effect of gravitational redshift (λ/λ0) and cosmic redshift {(λ_obs - λ_emit)/ λ_emit}.
The text concludes that the effective cosmic redshift is greater than the gravitational redshift. This implies that in regions dominated by anti-gravity (dark energy), the photon's relative distance is expanding at a greater rate than in regions of normal gravitational influence.
Interpretation:
The text suggests that the observed cosmic redshift in regions influenced by dark energy results in a "greater light traveled distance" compared to the photon's "proper distance" from its original emission point.
In simpler terms, this implies that in regions where dark energy dominates, the photon, while still traveling at its intrinsic speed ('c'), appears to be covering a larger relative distance due to the expansion of space.
Reference: Thakur, S. N., & Bhattacharjee, D. (2023, October 3). Cosmic Speed beyond Light: Gravitational and Cosmic Redshift.
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