If an object has momentum without mass is only possible if this is a wave:

Einstein's general equation derived from the relativistic definitions of the energy and momentum of a particle:

• E²=p²c²+m²c⁴.

Where E is the total energy of the particle, p is the momentum of the particle, c is the speed of light, and m is the mass of the particle.

When a particle is at rest i.e. p=0 then this equation reduces down to:

• E=mc²; (p=0)

But When a particle with no mass i.e. m=0, the equation reduces to:

• E=pc; (m=0)

Since photons have no mass and therefore get all of their energy from their momentum, so they must follow: E=pc; If an object has momentum without mass is only possible if this is a wave. A wave transports momentum via its waving motion and not by physically transporting an object with mass.

Moreover, if a particle has no mass and is at rest then its total energy is zero:

• E=0; (m=0) & (p = 0)

Conclusion a particle with no mass and is at rest is nothing at all since it has no energy.

Therefore, if an object with no mass is to physically exist, it can never be at rest but must always travel at the universal speed limit c; such is the case with light. Light consisting of photons and photons don't have rest mass but momentum and energy. Momentum is the directional property of an object in motion that describes its ability to influence another object upon impact.

In addition to that, if the object travels less than the universal speed limit c, say, at some speed v then we can always choose a reference frame travelling along with the object so that the object will be at rest in this reference frame.

Philosophy and Science – about similarities and dissimilarities in brief:

Philosophy is the study of the basic ideas about knowledge, right and wrong, reasoning, and the value of things. The study of philosophy helps us to enhance our ability to solve problems, our communication skills, our persuasive powers, while science is valued by society because the application of scientific knowledge helps to satisfy many basic human needs and improve living standards. Finding a cure for cancer and a clean form of energy are just two topical examples. The main similarity between philosophy and science is that they both try to find out about reality, so good philosophers certainly use scientists or their tool e.g. verifying and falsifying claims in physical reality, trying to be coherent, adding up probabilities, etc. Complementary to its role in conceptual clarification, philosophy can contribute to the critique of scientific assumptions, and can even be proactive in formulating novel, testable, and predictive theories that help set new paths for empirical research.

However, Philosophy is not science, for it employs the rational tools of logical analysis and conceptual clarification in lieu of empirical measurement as required in science, this approach, when carefully carried out, can yield knowledge at times more reliable and enduring than science. The main difference between philosophy and science is in the way they work and treat knowledge. Science is concerned with natural phenomena, while philosophy attempts to understand the nature of man, existence, and the relationship that exists between the two concepts. Philosophy does this by using logical argumentation, while science utilizes empirical data.

The Philosophy of science is a branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science. The central questions of this study concern what qualifies as science, the reliability of scientific theories, and the ultimate purpose of science? It is concerned with all the assumptions, foundations, methods, implications of science, and with the use and merit of science. This discipline sometimes overlaps metaphysics, ontology and epistemology, viz., when it explores whether scientific results comprise a study of truth. The scientific method in philosophy is limited only in response to questions about human existence while the scientific method in science encompasses all questions about matter. Complementary to its role in conceptual clarification, philosophy can contribute to the critique of scientific assumptions, and can even be proactive in formulating novel, testable, and predictive theories that help set new paths for empirical research.

.... obtained from various sources. 

Acceptance & Contradictions regarding Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity:

Mass-energy equivalence: 

Acceptance - mass is concentrated energy as in the equation E∝m. This is good to hold that mass equivalents frequency as Max Planck postulated energy is proportional to the frequency E∝f.

Space and time incompatibility - space-time is a mathematical model that joins space and time into a single idea called a continuum: 

Contradiction; space cannot be in alliance with time because of it’s dimensional restriction and confliction with time; expendability of space and uniformity in the scale of time make them incompatible for coexisting; space interacts with dark energy but time does not interact with anything; space is natural and time is concept; events in the existence invoke time.

Space is the boundless three dimensional extent of height, depth, and width within which all things exist and move and the events have relative position in it, a three dimensional reality. Whereas, time is the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole; occurs in irreversible succession; dimension of time is referred as the fourth dimension; the duration of any change.

Relative time - The rate at which time passes depends on your frame of reference:

Contradiction; time depending upon one's frame of reference considers a specific event and ignores rest of the events in the Universe happening at that time, so it conveys a relative time specific to an event and such relative time cannot be the original time as in the concept. Relative time considered here is not relative to universal frame of reference but in respect of its relative frame of reference, such relative time is not as the original concept of time, time relative to universal frame of reference would only depend on all the specific events occurring at that point of time and past and future included in it.    

Absurdity in fast moving object ageing less - the faster a clock moves, the slower time passes according to someone in a different frame of reference:

Contradiction; a clock cannot move faster or slower unless it is a defective clock, though making an absolute clock is impossible within three dimensional space and in presence of gravity, however, the conceptual time needs to be in uniformed scale - without the influence of gravity on it and considered above three dimensional space. Slower time and ageing less is a defective consideration and against the characteristic of time.

Error and illegality in time dilation  - Time dilation is the phenomenon of time passing slower for an observer who is moving relative to another observer, the faster one travels the slower he experiences time:

Contradiction: Representing time dilation with respect to mass-gravity interaction not only violate frequency-gravity interaction as in Planks' energy-frequency relationship, frequency being related to time, such representation also improperly distort the characteristic of time, time being without frequency, and, there is no valid law that can embed time with mass or time with space unless, its is an arbitrary abstraction. Gravity will apply a mechanical stress to the fast moving body affecting its frequency; hence longer wavelength, so the fast moving clock will be slightly behind the clock on the ground. Such difference in the elapsed time is due to the mechanical stress to the fast moving body invoking a relative time, and not absolute time. Time is ticking at a constant rate for the entire universe and everything in it.

- Soumendra Nath Thakur

   27th July 2021

Link https://bit.ly/3rz3xI4

Dark energy antigravity vs. matter gravity – Accelerated cosmological expansion:

The effective mass of dark energy is <0 and its gravitating mass is more than matter mass that results a strong effect at large scale as such, the cosmological expansion accelerate.

Antigravity exerted by dark energy affects a cosmic structure strongly at large scale. The dark energy background produces antigravity which is stronger than the matter gravity in the present Universe as a whole. This makes the cosmological expansion accelerated.

The cosmic antigravity can be stronger than gravity globally and also locally in the scale between 3.26 lightyear and 3.262×10⁷ lightyear. The local weakfield dynamical effects of dark energy adequately described in term of Newtonian mechanics, and its effective gravitating density is negative, producing antigravity.

Gravity dominates at distances, while antigravity is stronger than gravity, therefore, a gravitationally bound system with its mass can exist only inside the zero gravity sphere of its radius [circumference of a sphere where, (antigravity - gravity = 0)], while dark energy is effective in the outer region of the domination of gravitating mass and practically have no effect within the strong domination of gravitating mass.   

 

#Gravity #AntiGravity #DarkEnergy #AcceleratedExpansion

Isn’t time dilation not only reduces one's age, it also increases circumference of a clock dial >360° to accommodate enlarged divisions of a minute?

Time dilation, in relativity, is the difference in the elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either due to a relative velocity between them or to a difference in gravitational potential between their locations. The apparent paradox arising from relativity theory that if one of a pair of twins makes a long journey at near the speed of light and then returns, he or she will have aged less than the twin who remains behind.

Therefore, the above paradox conveys that time dilation can reduce one's age, and it also means that the said clock, in a long journey at near the speed of light, have enlarged the divisions of the minute scale within the dial circumference of the clock in journey to accommodate greater than 360 degrees (>360°) of the plane angle of that clock dial.

So the question is, "Is said accommodations of greater than 360 degrees (>360°) of the plane angle of that clock dial valid?"

- Soumendra Nath Thakur

 

#TimeDilation