How Photons Are Emitted in Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM):

Soumendra Nath Thakur 

May 19, 2025

In the framework of Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), photons are emitted when electrons release energy stored in their potential states. This released energy becomes the inherent energy of the photon. Conversely, electrons absorb photons to gain energy and move to higher potential states, demonstrating a reversible energy exchange process. 

In stellar environments, this mechanism is prominently observed. Nuclear fusion reactions in stars generate immense energy, initially in the form of high-energy gamma rays (photons). These photons interact with surrounding atoms, causing their electrons to absorb energy and jump to excited states. As these electrons return to lower or ground states, they re-emit photons of varying energies, cascading down through multiple absorption-emission events. ECM models this entire cycle within classical energy-mass principles, where photon dynamics arise not from quantum probabilities or spacetime curvature, but from deterministic transformations of energy within electromagnetic and gravitational fields.

A photon carries kinetic energy but possesses no positive inertial mass. Instead, its apparent mass is negative (Mᵃᵖᵖ < 0), reflecting the direction and nature of energy transformation in pure motion states. The emission of a photon represents an energetic displacement, where the electron’s loss in potential energy is converted into the photon's kinetic motion.

Beyond this inherent energy from the electron, a photon also gains interactional energy as it climbs out of the gravitational well of its source. ECM describes this process not as a relativistic time dilation, but as a real energetic modulation. The total energy of the photon—observed in its modulated frequency—reaches twice the magnitude of its inherent energy, due to the contribution from the gravitational interaction.

This additional energy is not permanent. As the photon escapes the gravitational field, it gradually expends the interactional energy through gravitational redshift, thereby reducing its frequency and effective kinetic content. This modulation is reversible: if a photon approaches another gravitational well during transit, it experiences gravitational blueshift, temporarily regaining interactional energy. Upon exiting, it again loses that energy as redshift in the same magnitude gained.

Once the photon crosses into the zero-gravity boundary—a spherical zone around the source galaxy where gravitational forces cancel—it retains only its inherent energy, which is no longer replenished. Entering dark-energy-dominated space, this remaining energy is continuously and irreversibly expended as cosmic redshift, a phenomenon that ECM interprets as the final energetic drain of the photon in a gravity-free vacuum.

Scientific Grounding of ECM-Based Photon Dynamics:

The original research on photon dynamics under Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) presents empirically consistent formulations that integrate photon energy, frequency, wavelength, and momentum based on Planck’s energy-frequency relation and de Broglie’s wavelength-momentum equations, interpreted through classical mechanics principles. These formulations are not speculative but are built upon observationally grounded derivations, particularly in relation to the effects of dark energy on galactic clusters by A. D. Chernin et al, and photon acceleration and mass behaviour.

The ECM framework introduces a non-relativistic yet experimentally aligned approach to photon mass—specifically, its apparent and effective mass components—and explains redshift, blueshift, and energy dissipation in terms of real energy transformations rather than spacetime curvature. These findings are not purely theoretical constructs; they are the result of rigorous interpretation of established empirical data through corrected classical principles.

Therefore, the statements derived within this framework—including those presented in the referenced post—should be recognized not as speculative assertions, but as scientifically consistent re-explanations of photon behaviour. They clarify and correct prevailing misconceptions by restoring dynamic mass to classical mechanics and offering a more coherent model for photon interaction across gravitational fields and dark-energy-dominated space.

As such, the ECM-based photon model does not require further empirical verification to validate its internal consistency or observational relevance. Its strength lies in its ability to reinterpret existing data through a unified and testable classical lens, thereby offering a robust alternative to relativistic interpretations.

At the core of the star (Δh = 0), the emitted photon carries only kinetic energy:

Eₜₒₜₐₗ = 2hf

At this point, no gravitational potential energy is associated with the photon. Instead, its energy consists entirely of inherent and interactional kinetic components. This arises because the photon, while often considered massless, is not truly so in the ECM framework. Its dynamic negative apparent mass (−Mᵃᵖᵖ) possesses inherent kinetic energy, and this also draws interactional kinetic energy from the surrounding gravitational potential field—establishing the photon as an active energy carrier rather than a passive by-product.

Reinterpreting Liang and Caldwell’s Dark Matter Proposal via Extended Classical Mechanics

May 18, 2025

Soumendra Nath Thakur

Abstract

This paper presents a reinterpretation of Liang and Caldwell’s dark matter formation model (Cold Dark Matter Based on an Analogy with Superconductivity by Guanming Liang and Robert R. Caldwell) through the framework of Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM). Their original proposal suggests that cold dark matter (CDM) could originate from initially massless particles undergoing phase-like transitions into massive states via cosmic-scale deceleration. In ECM, this process corresponds to a reversible transformation between kinetic energy (expressed as negative apparent mass, −Mᵃᵖᵖ) and matter mass (Mᴍ), governed by effective acceleration (aᵉᶠᶠ). By treating mass not as an intrinsic attribute but as a dynamic energy state, ECM offers a classically grounded explanation for mass acquisition without invoking quantum symmetry breaking or exotic particles. The paper formalizes the dual-state energy mechanism behind kinetic-to-mass transitions, showing that dark matter may emerge naturally as the kinetic identity of particles fades through sustained deceleration. This reinterpretation expands the explanatory power of classical physics in cosmological contexts, offering a testable and coherent model for the origin of dark matter.

Clarifying the Misconception: No Circular Reasoning in the Definition of Planck Units:

May 17, 2025

The statement, "The speed of light from Lₚ / Tₚ (may) or may not be valid. Since Planck values for length and time were derived using light's speed (a circular reasoning?)", rests on an incomplete understanding of the origin and intent of Planck units. It is also not as an example of circular reasoning.

Planck introduced his natural unit system in 1899, well before Einstein’s special and general relativity theories were published (in 1905 and 1916, respectively). At that time, the speed of light (c) was not interpreted through a relativistic lens. Instead, Planck's goal was to construct a unit system derived entirely from fundamental constants of nature.

The Planck scale is defined using three constants:

• the speed of light c,
• the gravitational constant G, and
• the reduced Planck constant h-bar.

These constants were not chosen to define each other, but to provide universal units of length, time, mass, etc., that remain invariant across physical contexts. The expressions for Planck length Lp  and Planck time Tp use c, G and h-bar, but not in a way that implies circular logic. Rather, c is treated as a known constant—just as G and h-bar are—serving as part of a dimensional bridge between quantum mechanics and gravitation.

Thus, there is no logical fallacy involved. The Planck units are internally consistent and reflect natural scales set by the interplay of fundamental constants. Their construction is not dependent on any single one being derived from the others, and especially not on a derived dependence of c from Lp / Tp.

Therefore, no circular reasoning arises in this context, and the usage of c in defining Planck units is a matter of dimensional coherence, not definitional dependence.

Perspective on Conductivity and Charge Carriers in Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM)

May 16, 2025

From the perspective of Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), electrical conduction in semiconductors involves more than just statistical movement of charge. Electrons are not merely particles responding to fields; they actively convert potential energy into kinetic motion, and in doing so, emit energy in the form of photons or field waves. The hole, traditionally understood as a vacancy, is reinterpreted in ECM as a virtual carrier of kinetic energy with negative apparent mass (−Mᵃᵖᵖ).

This dynamic symmetry—where the emergence of a hole represents a reactive, directional counterpart to the electron's movement—enriches our understanding of conduction. Particularly in doped semiconductors, holes are not simply the absence of electrons, but energy-transmitting entities generated by electron displacement and photon emission. This redefinition sets the stage for a new interpretation of charge separation, field interaction, and electromagnetic behaviour in solid state physics.