How Photons Are Emitted in Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM):

Soumendra Nath Thakur 

May 19, 2025

In the framework of Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), photons are emitted when electrons release energy stored in their potential states. This released energy becomes the inherent energy of the photon. Conversely, electrons absorb photons to gain energy and move to higher potential states, demonstrating a reversible energy exchange process. 

In stellar environments, this mechanism is prominently observed. Nuclear fusion reactions in stars generate immense energy, initially in the form of high-energy gamma rays (photons). These photons interact with surrounding atoms, causing their electrons to absorb energy and jump to excited states. As these electrons return to lower or ground states, they re-emit photons of varying energies, cascading down through multiple absorption-emission events. ECM models this entire cycle within classical energy-mass principles, where photon dynamics arise not from quantum probabilities or spacetime curvature, but from deterministic transformations of energy within electromagnetic and gravitational fields.

A photon carries kinetic energy but possesses no positive inertial mass. Instead, its apparent mass is negative (Mᵃᵖᵖ < 0), reflecting the direction and nature of energy transformation in pure motion states. The emission of a photon represents an energetic displacement, where the electron’s loss in potential energy is converted into the photon's kinetic motion.

Beyond this inherent energy from the electron, a photon also gains interactional energy as it climbs out of the gravitational well of its source. ECM describes this process not as a relativistic time dilation, but as a real energetic modulation. The total energy of the photon—observed in its modulated frequency—reaches twice the magnitude of its inherent energy, due to the contribution from the gravitational interaction.

This additional energy is not permanent. As the photon escapes the gravitational field, it gradually expends the interactional energy through gravitational redshift, thereby reducing its frequency and effective kinetic content. This modulation is reversible: if a photon approaches another gravitational well during transit, it experiences gravitational blueshift, temporarily regaining interactional energy. Upon exiting, it again loses that energy as redshift in the same magnitude gained.

Once the photon crosses into the zero-gravity boundary—a spherical zone around the source galaxy where gravitational forces cancel—it retains only its inherent energy, which is no longer replenished. Entering dark-energy-dominated space, this remaining energy is continuously and irreversibly expended as cosmic redshift, a phenomenon that ECM interprets as the final energetic drain of the photon in a gravity-free vacuum.

Scientific Grounding of ECM-Based Photon Dynamics:

The original research on photon dynamics under Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) presents empirically consistent formulations that integrate photon energy, frequency, wavelength, and momentum based on Planck’s energy-frequency relation and de Broglie’s wavelength-momentum equations, interpreted through classical mechanics principles. These formulations are not speculative but are built upon observationally grounded derivations, particularly in relation to the effects of dark energy on galactic clusters by A. D. Chernin et al, and photon acceleration and mass behaviour.

The ECM framework introduces a non-relativistic yet experimentally aligned approach to photon mass—specifically, its apparent and effective mass components—and explains redshift, blueshift, and energy dissipation in terms of real energy transformations rather than spacetime curvature. These findings are not purely theoretical constructs; they are the result of rigorous interpretation of established empirical data through corrected classical principles.

Therefore, the statements derived within this framework—including those presented in the referenced post—should be recognized not as speculative assertions, but as scientifically consistent re-explanations of photon behaviour. They clarify and correct prevailing misconceptions by restoring dynamic mass to classical mechanics and offering a more coherent model for photon interaction across gravitational fields and dark-energy-dominated space.

As such, the ECM-based photon model does not require further empirical verification to validate its internal consistency or observational relevance. Its strength lies in its ability to reinterpret existing data through a unified and testable classical lens, thereby offering a robust alternative to relativistic interpretations.