About Massless Objects, Negative Effective Mass, and Anti-Gravitational Motion in Extended Classical Mechanics:

Comment:

This comment is on Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) and massless objects! It proposes some really interesting ideas about anti-gravitational forces and energy exchange mechanisms for massless particles, going beyond conventional understandings of inertia and speed limits. The connection to Planck scales is particularly intriguing. It suggests a need for a revised understanding of how gravity interacts with objects at the quantum level.

Author: Soumendra Nath Thakur  

Date: February 18, 2925

Abstract:

This paper explores the behaviour of massless objects within the framework of Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), proposing that these objects exhibit anti-gravitational forces due to their negative effective mass.

Key Concepts:

1. Massless Objects and Anti-Gravitational Force:

   - Massless objects possess an inherent anti-gravitational force against surrounding gravitational influences.

   - This phenomenon is attributed to their negative apparent mass (-Mᵃᵖᵖ) and negative effective mass (Mᵉᶠᶠ < 0).

2. Energy Expenditure and Interaction:

   - While interacting with gravitational fields, massless objects expend energy, which is not derived from their inherent energy.

   - They gain energy through gravitational interactions with massive bodies, retaining this energy upon escaping gravitational fields.

3. Motion Dynamics:

   - The motion of massless objects is influenced by their negative apparent mass, leading to continuous motion rather than inertia.

   - The speed of these objects is constrained by Planck scales, specifically the ratio of Planck length to Planck time.

4. Wavelength and Speed Limit:

   - If the wavelength of a massless object exceeds the minimum Planck length, its speed may surpass conventional limits, resulting in strong anti-gravitational forces.

   - This introduces a new perspective on the speed limits of massless bodies.

5. Gravitational Interactions at Quantum Scales:

   - At scales smaller than the Planck length, gravitational interactions and energy transformations behave differently, becoming imperceptible under traditional observation methods.

   - The principle of energy conservation implies that energy does not vanish but transforms into higher, undetectable energy states.

Conclusion:

The ECM framework challenges conventional mechanics by providing new insights into the motion, gravity, and energy transformation of massless objects. It opens avenues for further research into the fundamental nature of gravity and motion beyond the Planck scale.

Reference:

About Massless Objects, Negative Effective Mass, and Anti-Gravitational Motion in Extended Classical Mechanics:

Black Hole Motion, Negative Apparent Mass, and Galactic Recession in Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM):

Soumendra Nath Thakur 

February 18, 2025

According to the principles of Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), black holes cannot be truly stationary, even though they originate from the gravitational collapse of massive bodies with rest mass and rest energy. Instead, they must exhibit motion exceeding the speed of light, as their ratio of wavelength to time period surpasses the Planck scale limit.

During gravitational collapse, the baryonic mass of a sufficiently massive body transforms into negative apparent mass (-Mᵃᵖᵖ), leading to a corresponding negative effective mass (Mᵉᶠᶠ < 0). As a result, these collapsed objects no longer exhibit the properties of conventional massive bodies. This transformation occurs when the rest mass and its associated energy convert into an energetic form, causing the baryonic mass to take on negative apparent mass properties, fundamentally altering its interaction with gravitational fields.

The intrinsic anti-gravitational nature of negative apparent mass plays a crucial role in this transformation. As a massive object undergoes gravitational collapse, it achieves immense anti-gravitational properties in accordance with ECM principles. Consequently, its effective mass (Mᵉᶠᶠ < 0) causes it to move counter to the gravitational potential of the universe. This motion is not just an inertial effect but an active acceleration away from gravitational wells, reinforcing an anti-gravitational influence on the galaxy it resides in.

However, the interaction between the negative effective mass of a black hole (Mᵉᶠᶠ < 0) and the total effective mass of the galaxy (which remains positive) results in a net binding effect. The magnitude of the galaxy’s effective mass outweighs the negative effective mass of the black hole, keeping the black hole gravitationally bound within the galaxy. As a result, rather than individual black holes escaping, the entire galaxy itself undergoes recession, accelerating away from the gravitational potential of the universe. This provides an extended interpretation of galactic motion, suggesting that the large-scale recession of galaxies is influenced by the interplay of effective masses rather than solely by dark energy.

On a local scale, the interaction between a black hole and a nearby massive body is governed by their respective effective masses and the balance between their anti-gravitational and gravitational interaction points. If the absolute magnitude of the black hole’s negative effective mass exceeds the effective mass of the nearby object (|Mᵉᶠᶠ₍BH₎| > |Mᵉᶠᶠ₍object₎|), the black hole will exert an attractive force on the nearby body, leading to accretion. This perspective refines the understanding of how black holes interact with their surroundings, both at the galactic and universal scales.

This refined interpretation not only provides a deeper insight into black hole behavior but also suggests that galactic recession and structure formation are directly influenced by the transformation of massive bodies into entities with negative effective mass. In this framework, black holes are not merely gravitational sinks but active drivers of cosmic motion, contributing to the large-scale expansion of the universe while remaining dynamically integrated within their host galaxies.

Massless Objects, Negative Effective Mass, and Anti-Gravitational Motion in Extended Classical Mechanics:

Soumendra Nath Thakur.

February 18, 2925

From the foundational principles of Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), we can consistently conclude that moving, massless objects exhibit an inherent anti-gravitational force against any surrounding gravitational influence. This arises due to their negative apparent mass (-Mᵃᵖᵖ) and corresponding negative effective mass (Mᵉᶠᶠ < 0). These objects continue to exhibit anti-gravitational behavior until they escape all gravitational influences and enter non-gravitational space.

In this framework, massless moving objects expend energy while interacting with gravitational fields, but this expenditure does not come from their inherent energy. Instead, they gain this energy through gravitational interactions during their existence within the gravitational influence of massive bodies. Once they escape such gravitational fields, they retain the energy imparted to them at the moment of emission. This implies that their motion is not dictated by inertia in the classical sense but rather by their unique energy exchange mechanism within gravitational fields.

The motion of massless objects fundamentally stems from their negative apparent mass. This leads to a key distinction: while objects with positive mass tend toward inertia, energetic massless bodies with negative effective mass tend toward continuous motion. The perceivable speed of such massless bodies is determined by the fundamental limits within Planck scales, specifically by the ratio of the smallest possible meaningful wavelength (Planck length) to the smallest possible time interval (Planck time). This establishes a fundamental speed limit based on the shortest possible wavelength-to-time ratio at the Planck scale.

Furthermore, if the wavelength of a massless object exceeds the minimum Planck length—corresponding to a higher wavelength-to-time ratio—its speed could surpass the inherent perceivable speed of massless objects. Simultaneously, such objects would exhibit an exceptionally strong anti-gravitational force. The ECM framework provides motion-force and gravitational-force equations that describe how gravitating mass (Mɢ) influences the effective acceleration of massless objects. When these objects exist at scales smaller than the Planck length, their gravitational interactions behave differently, and their energy transformations become imperceptible.

Due to the principle of energy conservation, the energy of massless objects does not vanish; rather, it transforms into higher energy states that remain undetectable under conventional observation methods. This reinforces the idea that massless objects, governed by ECM principles, exhibit unique energy and force interactions that challenge conventional mechanics and open new avenues for understanding motion, gravity, and energy transformation beyond the Planck scale.

Extended Classical Mechanics and Photon Interactions in Gravitational Fields: A Unified Framework

Soumendra Nath Thakur

February 17, 2025

Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) extends Newtonian dynamics by establishing force and energy equations for both massive and massless entities, naturally integrating with quantum mechanical principles.

In ECM, gravitational interactions are not limited to massive objects alone; instead, they incorporate apparent mass (Mᵃᵖᵖ) to describe how massless entities, such as photons, interact with gravitational fields. Unlike in Newtonian mechanics, where light is traditionally considered unaffected due to its lack of mass, ECM introduces effective mass (Mᵉᶠᶠ), which allows gravitational fields to influence photons through an apparent force.

For massless entities such as photons, the force equation is governed by apparent mass contributions, as there is no direct matter mass component. This leads to an alternative formulation:

Fₚₕₒₜₒₙ = −Mᵃᵖᵖaᵉᶠᶠ , since Mᴍ = 0

Fₚₕₒₜₒₙ = Mᵉᶠᶠaᵉᶠᶠ ,  since (Mᴍ −Mᵃᵖᵖ) = Mᵉᶠᶠ, Mᴍ = 0, Mᵉᶠᶠ < 0.

This formulation suggests that under negative effective mass conditions, repulsive gravitational effects emerge naturally, influencing photon trajectories. The result is a bending of light paths around massive objects, providing a classical mechanism for gravitational lensing without requiring the concept of spacetime curvature.

Furthermore, ECM provides a conservation framework for photon energy interactions in gravitational fields. The energy-momentum relation (p = hf/c) is extended to incorporate apparent mass (Mᵃᵖᵖ) and negative inertia, revealing that a photon undergoing gravitational lensing experiences a symmetrical energy exchange: a blueshift as it approaches a gravitational well and a redshift as it recedes. This process maintains the photon's intrinsic energy (E) while explaining observed light bending.

In summary, ECM presents a refined classical explanation for light deflection in gravitational fields by extending Newtonian mechanics to account for apparent mass effects. This approach provides an empirically consistent alternative to relativistic spacetime curvature and invites further examination of fundamental gravitational interactions.

QM Description of Photon Interaction in External Gravitational Field:

A photon, representing light, carries inherent energy denoted as E. A photon emitted from a gravitational well experiences a redshift (Δλ>0) as it moves outward, losing energy due to gravitational interaction. However, the photon’s behaviour changes significantly when it encounters a strong external gravitational field. As the photon approaches a strong external gravitational body, it undergoes a blueshift (Δλ < 0) due to its interaction with the external gravitational field. This shift occurs as a result of electromagnetic-gravitational interaction, causing the photon to follow an arc-shaped trajectory. During this process, the photon’s momentum increases, described by the relation Δρ=h/Δλ, where h is Planck’s constant. This momentum gain reflects the gravitational influence on the photon's trajectory.

As the photon completes the first half of its curved trajectory around the gravitational body, the blueshift transitions into a redshift (Δλ>0). At this point, the photon begins to lose momentum, following the relation Δρ=h/Δλ. This process indicates a symmetrical momentum exchange, where the photon experiences a balanced gain and loss of external energy (Eg), preserving symmetry in its overall energy behaviour. Importantly, while the photon undergoes these external changes in wavelength, momentum, and energy during its trajectory around the gravitational body, it retains its inherent energy (E). The only exception occurs when the photon loses energy (ΔE) while escaping the gravitational well of its source. Thus, despite these external interactions, the photon’s inherent energy remains conserved, except for the loss associated with its initial emission. After bypassing the gravitational field, the photon resumes its original trajectory, maintaining its inherent energy (E) and continuing unaffected by further gravitational influences.

Conclusion:

The observed symmetry, where photons gain energy as they approach an external gravitational well and lose energy as they recede, could provide critical insights into refining our understanding of spacetime and gravity. These findings highlight a fundamental discrepancy between observed photon behaviour and the predictions of general relativity, suggesting that GR may be incomplete. By reconsidering gravitational interactions through ECM and QM principles, we open new pathways toward a more unified understanding of gravity and light propagation. By engaging with alternative models like quantum gravity and flat spacetime theories, we can advance our understanding of the universe’s underlying principles, contributing to a more complete and unified description of reality.

The Emergence of Time from Physical Existence and Events:

Time is the indefinite, continuous progression of existence and events encompassing the past, present, and future, collectively forming a unified whole. This progression occurs in an irreversible and uniform succession, often conceptualized as the fourth dimension, complementing the three spatial dimensions.

This definition suggests that 'existential events invoke cosmic time,' meaning that:

1. Existence is physical: The tangible reality forms the basis of all that exists.

2. Events are changes in the properties of physical existence: Alterations or transformations in the state of physical entities constitute events.

3. Time is an emergent concept arising from existential events: The perception of time stems from the occurrence and sequencing of events.

4. Both existence and events are necessary for the emergence of time: Without physical entities and their interactions, the concept of time would be meaningless.

5. Events cannot occur without existence: Changes presuppose the presence of entities to undergo transformation.

6. Time would not emerge without existential events: In the absence of events, there would be no framework to perceive or measure time.

Thus, when we utilize a clock, we are effectively invoking cosmic time. We reference the fundamental continuum of existence to justify our measurement of time intervals. The clock serves as a bridge, connecting the abstract concept of cosmic time with the practical act of time measurement.

This perspective aligns with the relational view of time, which posits that time is not an independent entity but is instead a system of relations among events.

Philosophers like Leibniz have argued that time is a construct that arises from the ordering of events, rather than an absolute entity existing independently of the physical world. 

In summary, time emerges from the dynamic interplay of physical existence and events. Our tools for measuring time, such as clocks, are practical manifestations that link this emergent concept to our daily experiences.