Black Hole Motion, Negative Apparent Mass, and Galactic Recession in Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM):

Soumendra Nath Thakur 

February 18, 2025

According to the principles of Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), black holes cannot be truly stationary, even though they originate from the gravitational collapse of massive bodies with rest mass and rest energy. Instead, they must exhibit motion exceeding the speed of light, as their ratio of wavelength to time period surpasses the Planck scale limit.

During gravitational collapse, the baryonic mass of a sufficiently massive body transforms into negative apparent mass (-Mᵃᵖᵖ), leading to a corresponding negative effective mass (Mᵉᶠᶠ < 0). As a result, these collapsed objects no longer exhibit the properties of conventional massive bodies. This transformation occurs when the rest mass and its associated energy convert into an energetic form, causing the baryonic mass to take on negative apparent mass properties, fundamentally altering its interaction with gravitational fields.

The intrinsic anti-gravitational nature of negative apparent mass plays a crucial role in this transformation. As a massive object undergoes gravitational collapse, it achieves immense anti-gravitational properties in accordance with ECM principles. Consequently, its effective mass (Mᵉᶠᶠ < 0) causes it to move counter to the gravitational potential of the universe. This motion is not just an inertial effect but an active acceleration away from gravitational wells, reinforcing an anti-gravitational influence on the galaxy it resides in.

However, the interaction between the negative effective mass of a black hole (Mᵉᶠᶠ < 0) and the total effective mass of the galaxy (which remains positive) results in a net binding effect. The magnitude of the galaxy’s effective mass outweighs the negative effective mass of the black hole, keeping the black hole gravitationally bound within the galaxy. As a result, rather than individual black holes escaping, the entire galaxy itself undergoes recession, accelerating away from the gravitational potential of the universe. This provides an extended interpretation of galactic motion, suggesting that the large-scale recession of galaxies is influenced by the interplay of effective masses rather than solely by dark energy.

On a local scale, the interaction between a black hole and a nearby massive body is governed by their respective effective masses and the balance between their anti-gravitational and gravitational interaction points. If the absolute magnitude of the black hole’s negative effective mass exceeds the effective mass of the nearby object (|Mᵉᶠᶠ₍BH₎| > |Mᵉᶠᶠ₍object₎|), the black hole will exert an attractive force on the nearby body, leading to accretion. This perspective refines the understanding of how black holes interact with their surroundings, both at the galactic and universal scales.

This refined interpretation not only provides a deeper insight into black hole behavior but also suggests that galactic recession and structure formation are directly influenced by the transformation of massive bodies into entities with negative effective mass. In this framework, black holes are not merely gravitational sinks but active drivers of cosmic motion, contributing to the large-scale expansion of the universe while remaining dynamically integrated within their host galaxies.