Photon Acceleration, Absorption, and Time Delay: In question Insights

Photons do not accelerate from 0 to c, as they always travel at c from their creation, while photons do not accelerate to light speed.

Photons always travel at the speed of light (c). This is a fundamental principle of physics. Photons, which are massless particles, always travel at the speed of light in a vacuum (denoted as 'c') from the moment of their creation. This means that photons do not need to accelerate from a standstill (0) to the speed of light, as they are born with this velocity. They move through space at this constant speed.

Photons are the elementary particles of electromagnetic radiation, which includes visible light. When we refer to light, we are essentially talking about photons.

When a photon enters a dense but transparent medium, it is absorbed by an electron in the medium's atom and converted to electron-energy. This destabilizes the electrons, causing them to release excess energy as they do so by releasing photons. This process results in a time delay due to the infinitesimal loss of photon energy, causing photons to travel slower through transparent and dense media. This process contributes to the physics of photons.

Following process involved: E = hf; ΔE = hΔf; f/Δf; E/ΔE; 

When a photon enters a dense but transparent medium, it interacts with electrons (e) within the atoms of the medium.

1. In this interaction, the photon's energy (E) is typically absorbed by an electron, leading to the excitation of the electron to a higher energy state (e+E).

2. This excitation, or destabilization of the electron, is temporary and results in the electron's subsequent return to its original, lower energy state (e).

3. As the electron returns to its lower energy state, it releases the excess energy (E-ΔE). it gained from the absorbed photon in the form of a new photon. This is often referred to as re-emission or scattering.

4. The released photon may have a slightly lower energy (E-ΔE) (higher wavelength) than the initially absorbed photon due to the energy lost (ΔE) during the interaction.

5. The cumulative effect of these interactions with electrons in the medium can lead to a time delay (Δt) for the passage of photons through the medium.

6. This time delay occurs because the re-emission process introduces a delay between the absorption and re-emission of photons.

7. Overall, this process contributes to our understanding of how photons interact with matter and can affect the speed at which light propagates through transparent but dense media.

Summary Paper: Redshift and its Equations in Electromagnetic Waves:

ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803

Dated: 17th September, 2023

Abstract:

Redshift, a fundamental phenomenon in astrophysics and cosmology, is explored in detail through its governing equations. We delve into equations describing redshift as a function of wavelength and frequency changes, energy changes, and phase shifts. These equations provide insights into the behavior of electromagnetic waves as sources move relative to observers. The mathematical rigor employed in deriving and interpreting these equations enhances our comprehension of redshift, its role in measuring celestial velocities and universe expansion, and its counterpart, blueshift. The interplay between frequency, wavelength, energy, and phase shift sheds light on this critical aspect of cosmological observation.

Introduction:

The fundamental understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and its relation to various phenomena has been instrumental in advancing astrophysics, cosmology, and telecommunications. This paper explores essential equations governing electromagnetic waves, including the redshift equation, which describes the change in wavelength and frequency as waves propagate through space. Additionally, the phase shift equation sheds light on how wave temporal behavior is influenced by frequency, playing a critical role in fields like signal processing and telecommunications.

Methods:

In this study, we employ rigorous mathematical derivations to elucidate the key equations governing redshift and phase shift in electromagnetic waves. We analyze these equations, including their relationships with frequency, wavelength, energy changes, and phase shift, to provide a comprehensive understanding of their significance. Our methodology involves detailed mathematical derivations and interpretations to uncover the fundamental principles underlying these phenomena.

Equations and Descriptions:

1.1. Redshift Equation:

The redshift equation (z = Δλ/λ; z = f/Δf) is a cornerstone in astrophysics and cosmology. It relates the relative change in wavelength (Δλ/λ) to the relative change in frequency (f/Δf) of electromagnetic waves. This equation reveals that as a source emitting waves moves away from an observer, the wavelength increases, resulting in a redshift. Conversely, blueshift occurs when the source approaches, causing a decrease in wavelength.

1.2. Phase shift Equation:

The phase shift equation 1° phase shift = T/360; T (deg) = 1/(360f) provides insight into wave behavior concerning frequency (f). It demonstrates that a 1-degree phase shift corresponds to a fraction of the wave's period (T), inversely proportional to the frequency (f). This equation is pivotal in telecommunications and signal processing, where precise control of phase is crucial for data transmission and modulation.

Redshift as a Function of wavelength Change:

We discuss redshift and blueshift in the context of wavelength changes (Δλ/λ). Redshift occurs when an object moves away, causing wavelength elongation, while blueshift arises when an object approaches, leading to wavelength compression. These phenomena are instrumental in determining the recessional velocities of celestial objects and are vital for understanding the universe's expansion.

Blueshift as a Function of wavelength Change:

Blueshift is explored concerning wavelength changes (-Δλ/λ). It occurs when an object moves toward an observer, causing wavelength compression. Calculating the ratio of -Δλ to λ allows us to determine the extent of blueshift.

Redshift as a Function of Frequency Change:

Redshift (z = f/Δf) is discussed concerning frequency changes (Δf). It occurs when an object moves away, causing frequency decrease. Calculating the ratio of "f" to "Δf" allows us to determine the extent of redshift.

Blueshift as a Function of Frequency Change:

Blueshift (z = f/-Δf) is explored concerning frequency changes (-Δf). It occurs when an object moves toward an observer, causing frequency increase. Calculating the ratio of "f" to "-Δf" allows us to determine the extent of blueshift.

Redshift as a Function of Positive Energy Change:

We discuss redshift concerning positive energy changes (ΔE/E). It occurs when an object moves away, causing wavelength elongation. Calculating the ratio of "ΔE" to "E" allows us to determine the extent of redshift.

Blueshift as a Function of Negative Energy Change:

Blueshift is explored concerning negative energy changes (-ΔE/E). It occurs when an object moves toward an observer, causing wavelength compression. Calculating the ratio of "ΔE" to "E" allows us to determine the extent of blueshift.

Redshift (z) as a Function of Phase Shift T(deg):

The relationship between redshift (z) and phase shift T(deg) (z = 360 * T(deg) * ΔE/h) is discussed, highlighting the role of energy changes (ΔE) and the Planck constant (h). When phase shift or energy change increases, it can lead to a corresponding increase in redshift.

Blueshift (z) as a Function of Phase Shift T(deg):

The relationship between blueshift (z) and phase shift T(deg) (z = -Δf * 360 * T(deg)) is explored concerning frequency changes (-Δf). When phase shift or frequency change increases, it can lead to a corresponding increase in blueshift.

Phase Shift T(deg) as a Function of Redshift (z):

The relationship between phase shift T(deg) and redshift (z) T(deg) = h / (-360 * z * E) is examined, emphasizing the role of energy (E) and the Planck constant (h). When redshift increases, phase shift decreases, and vice versa.

Phase Shift T(deg) as a Function of Blueshift (z):

The relationship between phase shift T(deg) and blueshift (z) T(deg) = h / (-360 * z * E) is explored, highlighting the role of energy (E) and the Planck constant (h). As blueshift increases, phase shift decreases, and vice versa.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the equations governing redshift, blueshift, and phase shift in electromagnetic waves are essential tools in astrophysics, cosmology, and telecommunications. Understanding these equations enhances our comprehension of wave behavior and its implications across diverse scientific disciplines.

References:

1. Einstein, A. (1915). The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity. Annalen der Physik, 354(7), 769-822.

2. Peebles, P. J. E., & Ratra, B. (2003). The Cosmological Constant and Dark Energy. Reviews of Modern Physics, 75(2), 559-606.

3. Shen, Z., & Fan, X. (2015). Radiative Transfer in a Clumpy Universe. The Astrophysical Journal, 801(2), 125.

4. Oppenheim, A. V., Willsky, A. S., & Nawab, S. H. (1997). Signals & Systems. Prentice Hall.

5. Proakis, J. G., & Manolakis, D. G. (1996). Digital Signal Processing: Principles, Algorithms, and Applications. Prentice Hall.

Can light speed changes and photon turns into electron-anti electron pair? Questioned.

Answered:

Dear Suvankar Majumder , 

As the photon leaves a gravitational potential well, it does not change its speed but changes its wavelength (λ) and frequency (f), resulting in energy (ΔE) expenditure or, it's infinitesimal wavelength (Δλ) and infinitesimal frequency (Δf) changes, specifying the equation v = λf. Photon energy is defined by Planck's energy-frequency equation. E = hf.

The ratio of Planck length and the Planck time (lp/tp), set the upper speed limit without requiring other constants such as the proportionality constant or universal gravitational constant, the reduced Planck constant, and the speed of light in vacuum. Photons crossing the gravitational potential well can change energy, called gravitational redshift. Photons are massless, so they always travel at speed of light

1. Therefore, according to the above statement, the speed of photon does not vary with time in free space.

A photon is an elementary particle. Elementary particles are either elementary fermions or elementary bosons. A photon is a gauge boson, the carrier of the electromagnetic force. Pair production often refers specifically to a photon producing an electron-positron pair near a nucleus. To produce a pair the photon's contributing energy must be above a threshold of the total rest mass energy of the two particles produced.

2. Therefore, photons can actually become electron and positron pairs, subejct to above said conditions.

Best regards,

Soumendra Nath Thakur

Biological Interpretation of time:

"Time isn't a consideration of the sensual responses sent to the brain but events are. Time is rather a consideration of the mind."

Comment: Some concepts are considered fundamental and not subject to interpretation or variation. In mathematics, for example, the statement 1 + 1 = 2, is an absolute truth, and there's no room for interpretation or different perspectives on this fundamental arithmetic fact.

Similarly, the statement, 'Biological Interpretation of time: Time isn't a consideration of the sensual responses sent to the brain but events are. Time is rather a consideration of the mind.', akin to a mathematical truth. From this standpoint, so a clear and unequivocal answer that aligns with this fundamental perspective.

In the realm of biology, there are indeed fundamental principles that are well-established and not subject to interpretation. The statement provided can be viewed as one of these fundamental principles within the context of biological time perception. From this perspective, it's reasonable to seek a response that aligns with this fundamental understanding.

Dark Energy's Antigravity Effect and Cosmic Expansion:

Observation indicates that dark energy having an effective mass, acts as a source of antigravity, counteracting the gravitational attraction in the universe and leading to the observed accelerated expansion of the cosmos. 

Effective Mass of Dark Energy Mᴰᴱ (<0), refers to a hypothetical concept that assigns a mass-like property to dark energy. Dark energy is a mysterious form of energy that is thought to be responsible for the observed accelerated expansion of the universe. Assigning it an effective mass implies that it has some influence on the gravitational behavior of the universe.

Dark Energy Generates Stronger Antigravity than Gravity, suggests that the effective mass of dark energy has an effect on the expansion of the universe that opposes the force of gravity. "Antigravity" is described as the repulsive effect of dark energy, which counteracts the attractive force of gravity, leading to the observed cosmic acceleration.

Accelerating the Cosmological Expansion, is the effect of the effective mass of dark energy is to cause the universe to expand at an accelerating rate. 

A scenario in which the dynamics of a gravitationally bound system are influenced by both gravity and antigravity, due to dark energy. Inside a certain radius, gravity dominates, and the system behaves in a typical gravitationally bound manner. However, beyond a critical radius, the antigravity effect becomes stronger, potentially leading to different dynamics or behaviors for objects or systems located at those larger distances. 

Gravity Dominates at Distances R < Rᶻᶢ means that within a certain distance, R < Rᶻᶢ, the gravitational attraction due to mass dominates over any potential antigravity effect. In other words, the gravitational force is stronger than any potential repulsive force caused by dark energy.

Antigravity is Stronger than Gravity at R > Rᶻᶢ beyond a certain distance, R > Rᶻᶢ, the effects of antigravity become stronger than the gravitational attraction, implies that the repulsive force or antigravity effect is significant enough to overcome gravity at these larger distances.

Gravitationally Bound System with Mass Mᴹ refers to a system of objects that are gravitationally attracted to each other due to their mass. The total mass of this system is denoted as Mᴹ.

Zero-Gravity Sphere of Radius Rᶻᶢ is the critical distance, Rᶻᶢ, beyond which antigravity becomes stronger than gravity. Inside this sphere, gravity dominates, and outside it, the antigravity effect becomes more significant.

The prevailing cosmological model known as the Lambda-CDM model, in which dark energy is responsible for the observed accelerated expansion of the universe, highlighting the idea that dark energy's repulsive influence is stronger than the attractive force of gravity, leading to the universe's expansion speeding up rather than slowing down.

The dark energy background generates stronger antigravity than the current Universe's matter gravity, accelerating the cosmological expansion.

Dark Energy Background is the pervasive and mysterious form of energy known as dark energy that is thought to fill the universe uniformly. Dark energy is hypothesized to have a constant energy density throughout space.

Generates Stronger Antigravity, Dark energy as generating "antigravity" because it has a repulsive gravitational effect. Instead of pulling things together, dark energy push them apart, countering the force of gravity.

Current Universe's Matter Gravity is the gravitational attraction caused by the visible matter in the universe. While matter exerts a gravitational pull, dark energy counteracts it with its antigravity effect.

Accelerating the Cosmological Expansion, it is primary consequence of dark energy's antigravity effect is that it causes the expansion of the universe to accelerate. In other words, galaxies are moving away from each other at an increasing rate over cosmic time.