Visualizing a universal structure at the absolute zero temperature:

The maximum temperature limit in Kelvin scale is 10^32 K, which is at Planck Length 1.6x 10^-32 metres, but what happens to the photon wave at the absolute temperature in Kelvin scale, i.e. 0K (-273.15°C)? This thinking led me to visualise the universe at absolute temperature. 

This article conveys my visualization of a matter structure made at the absolute zero temperature and the vibrational interactions in the background in constructing such a structure, where thermodynamic temperature is an absolute measure of the average total internal energy of matter.

A state of uniform distribution of energy, especially seen as a potential fate of the universe. This is a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics. For a spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases (hotter things always cool unless you do something to stop them). Any spontaneously occurring process will always lead to an increase in the entropy of the universe. The entropy of the universe is a thermodynamic quantity that represents the unavailability of the thermal energy of a system for conversion into mechanical work, often interpreted as the degree of disorder or randomness in the system.

Since the primary consideration here would be the temperature, a fundamental consideration, moreover Max Planck's energy frequency equivalence too would be considered in respect of existential evolution of normal matter in the universe.

It would be inappropriate to consider such a matter structure, in question, to have similarity with the formation of a black hole. As a black hole involves collapsing of normal atoms due to intense gravity - a primary requirement to form a black hole, - therefore, simply reducing temperature of such a matter structure at the absolute zero won't cause intense gravity, nor those atoms in the matter would collapse without intense gravity acting on it. As such a question in relevant formation of a matter structure should not be considered similar to the formation of a black hole.

In view of Max Planck's energy frequency equivalence and since, thermodynamic temperature is an absolute measure of the average total internal energy of matter, an absolute zero temperature would translate that the vibrational frequency of such matter structure lowered in an extreme minimal, where its energy too reduced to an extreme minimum, and there is infinitesimal microgravity acting on it, beyond this threshold temperature anything would reach beyond perception. It is such a condition, exactly opposite to the Planck units. 

Anything, including a reference of -3000°C beyond the threshold of absolute temperature would be beyond the scope of our known laws of physics. It appears to be a condition of heat death of the Universe.

Soumendra Nath Thakur

#MaxPlanck #UniverseAtAbsoluteZeroTemperature #HeatDeath #thermodynamictemperature

My explanation of gravitational lensing (not in relativistic view):

The electromagnetic field of a light photon in transit interacts with the gravitation filed of a massive celestial body between its transit paths, they exchange energy through their fields’ interactions depending upon their masses, as a result such a light photon gains energy in an arch like order as it passes said gravitational body. It is so obvious in the minds of any reasonable scientific persons.

Since the light photon, in transit, cannot increase its natural speed so it bounds to increase its energetic frequency, correspondingly it not only decreases it wavelength rather it increases its momentum too, as per relevant behaviour of photons (𝑝 = ℎ/𝜆).

However, the light photon doesn’t store the energy that it’s gaining temporarily, rather it releases the energy gaining by way of converting it into its momentum, this makes the photon’s path of interaction an arc like, therefore the light photon again continues its journey in a straight path, as soon as it releases temporarily gained energy. This is how gravitation lens work.

#GravitationLens

Brief explanations in expansion, acceleration, dark energy, antigravity etc

Reasonably, a natural thing can physically expand or change in distance, but none can physically expand, say, an idea of addition or deduction or multiplication etc. similarly, not space or time, since space is an infinite three-dimensional extent, where objects and events contain relative position and direction. And dimension is an extension of the abstract concept of mathematics. For example, a line is one-dimensional, a plane is two-dimensional and space is three-dimensional. Therefore, space is not an entity but an abstract concept.

Since space is a concept in extension of height, width and depth, accordingly it is described in the earlier post that space itself cannot expand, but what expanding is the distances among relevant galaxies.

The reason for acceleration is mentioned in the post, "antigravity is stronger than gravity," where dark energy or antigravity cause by dark energy practically has no influence within a galaxy up to the zero gravity sphere around a galaxy. Dark energy rules beyond zero gravity sphere and so antigravity is effective not only beyond a galaxy but also beyond the galaxy's zero gravity sphere around it.

However, what in the background is that the effective mass of dark energy is <0 and so it causes antigravity and the strength of antigravity is stronger than gravity as one approaches towards the edge of the visible universe.

The anti-gravitational field interacts with the gravitational fields of gravitationally bound galaxies - in tug of wars. But there is no effect of dark energy within a gravitationally bound galaxy.

Since effective mass of antigravity is much stronger than the effective matter mass of gravity in the universe, including the dark matter, expansions in the distances among galaxies accelerate as they recede towards the edge of the visible universe, and it is inevitable.

Reference Original Post

#antigravity #expansion #darkenergy #darkmatter

Why the speed of light is constant?

Einstein considered the theoretical aspects. It can be derived from Maxwell's equations that the speed at which electromagnetic waves travel is: 

c = (ϵ0μ0)^(−1/2) = 1/√ϵ0μ0.

Since light is an electromagnetic wave, that means that the speed of light is equal to the speed of the electromagnetic waves. 

ϵ0 and μ0 are properties of the vacuum and are constants, so c will also be a constant.

According to Maxwell equations, an electromagnetic wave moving with velocity 

v = 1/√ϵ0μ0. 

Since light is an electromagnetic wave, that means that light is also propagating at this speed in vacuum. 

And since both ϵ0 and μ0 are constant, that means 1/√ϵ0μ0 is also a constant. Hence light moves at a constant speed in vacuum. 

#Maxwell 

Expansion of space is rather expansion of distance.

Space is an infinite three-dimensional extent, where objects and events contain relative position and direction. Dimension is an extension of the abstract concept of mathematics. For example, a line is one-dimensional, a plane is two-dimensional and space is three-dimensional. Therefore, space is not an entity but an abstract concept.

Expansion of space is rather expansion of distance among distant gravitationally bound objects within dimensions of space:

More specifically, spatial expansion is the increment in the distance between two distant points in the dimensions of space, at least in intergalactic scale. This is increment in distance in metric scale, where space itself does not expand. Space is rather the metric scale. 

Dark energy appears to act like antigravity, so antigravitational field interacts with gravity of gravitationally bound objects within dimensions of space, where antigravity is stronger than gravity, and so the galaxies recede from one another, and that increases distance between two distant points within the dimensions of space.

Reference Explanation

#Intergalactscale #distanceincrement #expansion #antigravity #antigravitationalfield