Reasons of various redshifts

Summary:

"The reasons of the red-shifts (z, >1) are actually the results of lowered energy (E) of the waves or, lowered frequency (f) of the waves or. increased wavelength (λ) of the waves. The wavelength of the wave vibrations change due to phase shift of the vibration frequencies, and so ultimately the wavelengths shift to the red side in the electromagnetic spectrum depending upon the energy decrease of the wave vibration due to various effects like Doppler, relativistic and expansion of space. And also, in case of energy increase of the wave, the phase-shift will result shorter wavelengths to shift the wavelength towards the blue side of the electromagnetic spectrum."

Explanation:

Vibration (frequency) can be two dimensional i.e. up and down in x-y plane and also back and forth in x-z plane, when electromagnetic vibrations occur in both planes simultaneously, so frequencies of these vibrations of both planes are synchronised normally and those phases of vibrational waves began from the origin location (0,0,0) normally.

The equations those are relevant here are f=c/λ=E/h=1/T, when 1° phase shift = T/360.

However, in case of (i) relative movement from such a vibration or (ii) for relativistic effects, or (iii) cosmic expansions, the phase of the vibrational frequencies shift from its earlier position (say 0,0,0) to a new position due to relevant interactions out of these effects.

The time interval T(deg) for 1° of phase is inversely proportional to the frequency (f). We get a wave corresponds to time shift, and for 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz wave corresponds to a time shift of 555 picoseconds, and so on, for corresponding phase shifts in degee (°).

As a result, the wavelength of the vibration changes due to phase shift of the vibration frequencies, and so ultimately it shift to the red side in the spectrum relevant depending upon the energy decrease of the vibration due to various effects said or in case of energy increase the phase shift will result shorter wavelength to shift towards blue of the spectrum relevant.

This is what happens irrespective of the vibrations is in plane or in space."

#Redshifts #DopplerRedshift #GravitationalRedshift #CosmicRedshift #Wavelength #Frequency #WaveEnergy #PhaseShift

A conflict between time dilation and gravitational redshift:

There are three known types of redshifts, - Doppler redshift, gravitational redshift and cosmological redshift.

The corresponding formulas for this redshift are –

• Z = {λ(obs)-λ(rest)}/λ(rest);
• Z = Δλ/λ₀ and also
• Z = Δλ/λ₀,

Where,

• Z denotes the redshift factor which represents the fractional change in wavelength;
• λ(obs) represents the observed wavelength of light;
• λ(rest) represents the rest wavelength of light;
• Δλ is the change in wavelength of light as observed;
• λ₀ is the wavelength at the source.

Time dilation, based on Doppler Redshift, and the gravitational redshift; both are due to the wavelength dilation of the wave.

The distortions of wavelengths exactly correspond to time distortions; through the relationship λ∝T, where λ denotes wavelength and T denotes period of oscillation of the wave.

 

The Planck's equation conveys that a photon's wavelength is inversely proportional to the energy of that photon, which can be calculated from Planck's equation 1/λ∝E, where h Planck's constant and c constant denotes the speed at which a light photon travel.

 

1)       Doppler Redshift is the enlargement in the wavelength (λ) of the wave in relation to an observer who is moving away relative to the wave source, Z={λ(obs)-λ(rest)}/λ(rest). Whereas, time dilation, based on Doppler formula, is not understood from the wavelength (λ) distortion rather understood from Doppler Redshift. In fact, relativistic effect causes phase shift in the frequency and corresponding enlargement in the wavelength of the clock oscillation, and so results error in the reading of the clock time, wrongfully known as time dilation.

 

    2) Similarly, gravitational redshift too is the enlargement in the wavelength (λ) of the light (photons) wave moving away relative to its source or from a gravitational well. So a photon expends energy (E) while escaping the gravitational well, known as gravitational redshift.

 

3) Cosmological redshift too is the enlargement in the wavelength (λ) of the light photons traveling, through intergalactic space, relative to its gravitational well.

 

However, time distortion always originates from wavelength distortion and so, time dilation, as in special relativity, does not follow the general rules, when it should have been understood from the wavelength (λ) distortion rather than understanding it from the Doppler Redshift. As such, Special relativity does not escape the fundamental equivalent between wavelengths and time, which is much more general than special relativity. Whereas, time dilation actually wavelength dilation.

 

Therefore, time dilation is not only in conflict with gravitational redshift because it is not understood from wavelength dilation than the Doppler Redshift, but time dilation also does not escape additional wavelength dilation due to Cosmological redshift. The Planck's equation appears to be good use for the calculation of all relevant wavelength dilations.

___________________________________________________________________________ 

A conflict between gravitational redshift and time dilation:It appears that Einstein promoted Doppler more than Planck in his gravitational redshift, so as to protect his "time dilation" from an obvious conflict with "wavelength dilation" - a must requirement for both gravitational redshift as well as time dilation. 

Considering expanded energy of "photon" (wave) and an "object" under the influence of relativistic effects respectively, in relation to an observer who is moving away relative to the wave source - as in "gravitational redshift" of photon (wave) leaving gravitational well, - and as an object under the relativistic effects in time dilation respectively. In both of the incidents, energy and frequency decreased, correspondingly wavelength enlarged, resulting respective redshift and (wavelength dilation,) so called time dilation.  

 

- Soumendra Nath Thakur

#MaxPlanck #PlanckEquation #Einstein #TimeDilation #WavelengthDilation #Redshift         #GravitationalRedshift #CosmologicalRedshift #relativity

A scientific misconception about time dilation

(Summarised) 

About time and wavelength dilation: 

Soumendra Nath Thakur

 Email: postmasterenator@gmail.com

orcid.org/0000-0003-1871-7803

22 Sep 2022, 09:00

A scientific misconception about time dilation is described as:

The equation of time dilation t'= t/√ (1-v²/c²) is wrong; where t' is dilated time, t proper time, v relativistic speed and c speed of light in free space.

Real events invoke time. The error in the said equation is that the proper time (t) can never be modified through external influence or interaction or interference of real events, with speed or under gravity, to get time dilation (t’).

It would be wrong to try to modify cosmic proper time progressing in its uniformed and irreversible succession that too in higher dimension above the three-dimensions of space. Speed or gravity can never interfere time (t) to get time dilation (t'). So there is no time dilation rather it is a wavelength (λ) dilation of the clock oscillation.

Experimental results

Experiments made in electronic laboratories on piezoelectric crystal oscillators show that the wave corresponds to time shift due to relativistic effects.

The wavelength (λ) of a wave is directly proportional to the time period (T) of the wave, that is λ ∝ T. 

Where, speed v or c = f λ. 

λ = v/f = c/f and T = 2π/ω. 

ω = 2π/T = 2πf. as T = 1/f, f is frequency. The speed c is constant in free space.

1. We get a wave corresponds to time shift.

For example, 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz wave corresponds to a time shift of 555 picosecond (ps). The proof is:

We know, 1° phase shift = T/360. 

As T=1/f,  

1° phase shift = T/360 = (1/f)/360.

For a wave of frequency, f = 5000000 Hz, we get the phase shift in degree (°) 

= (1/5000000)/360

= (5.55 x 10^-10)

= 555 ps. 

Therefore, for 1° phase shift for a wave having wavelength λ = 59.95m, and frequency f = 5 MHz, the time shift (time delay) Δt = 555 ps (approx). 

 

2. Moreover, for 360° phase shift or, 1 complete cycle for a wave having frequency 1Hz (of a 9192631770 Hz wave); the time shift (time delay)    

Δt = 0.00000010878277570776666 ms (approx).

Time shift of the caesium-133 atomic clock in the GPS satellite in space:

For 1455.50003025° phase shift (or 4.043055639583333 cycles) of a 9192631770 Hz wave; time shift (time delay) 

Δt = 0.0000004398148148148148 ms (approx) or, 0.038 millisecond, or, 38 microsecond time is taken per day.

Conclusion

The wavelength dilation due to relativistic effects on the clock oscillations result corresponding error in the reading of clock time, wrongly presented as time dilation Ref. Original paper - Effect of wavelength dilation in time

Relativistic effects cause error in time reading | Events invoke time | The Planck scale limits our sensual perception | Time distortion occurs only in clocks with mass under relativistic effects, not in electromagnetic waves | Photon paths bend due to momentum exchange, not intrinsic spacetime curvature | The Dynamics of Photon Momentum Exchange and Curvature in Gravitational Fields | Relativistic effects and photon-mirror interaction -energy absorption and time delay | Bing Answer | Oscillation | Relative Time | Scientific misconception | About time, wavelength | Error in reading time | Effect of wavelength | Phase shift in frequency | Scientific misconception | About time, wavelength | Satellite Clock | Time shift caesium-133 | Time shift caesium-133

Oscillation | Relative Time | Scientific misconception | About time, wavelength | Error in reading time | Effect of wavelength y | Phase shift in frequency y | Scientific misconception y | About time, wavelength y | About time, wavelength g    

Hubble's 'cosmic redshift' of the cosmic signals raises question of a resulting redshift.

There are three known types of redshifts, - Doppler redshift, gravitational redshift and cosmological redshift.

The corresponding formulas for this redshift are

• Z = {λ(obs)-λ(rest)}/λ(rest);

• Z = Δλ/λ₀ and also

• Z = Δλ/λ₀,

Where, 

• Z denotes the redshift factor which represents the fractional change in wavelength;

• λ(obs) represents the observed wavelength of light;

• λ(rest) represents the rest wavelength of light;

• Δλ is the change in wavelength of light as observed;

• (λ₀) is the wavelength at the source.

In a post, “Hubble's 'cosmic redshift' of the cosmic signals overrules Einstein's 'gravitational redshift', and the act raises question of a resulting redshift.

=> λ(h) + λ(e) => λ(r)? #redshift “

Viewer Questioned, “I respect these mathematical symbols, but it would be a whole lot better for the numerically uninitiated if they could be translated into words. Is there any chance of that?

Author Replied, “Yes sir, let me text you the scenario replacing the symbol... in the comment below.

The wavelength of a wave is presented as λ.

1. So wavelength of a wave can be enlarged naturally, mostly in three conditions known as redshift.

2. These conditions are -

(a) due to Doppler effect

(b) due to gravitational effect

(c) due to cosmic effect

I will describe them briefly below.

3. Explanation in gravitational effect:

When light leaves a gravitational well like the Sun, it spends its energy to leave the well, but since speed of light is constant, it cannot reduce its speed as it leaves the well (Sun) rather reduces its frequency, correspondingly increases its wavelength, and this is presented as λ, as such it gets red shifted in the electromagnetic spectrum, known as Einstein's redshift. Let's represent it with the symbol λ(e) - represent red-shifted wavelength as per Einstein model. - Lambda (λ) wavelength and (e) suffix ‘e’ representing Einstein (Einstein's redshift)

4. The light wave when passes a long distance through intergalactic space, - most of the space is not dominated by gravity but dark energy - as such space expands (such expansion is not possible within gravity dominated space like within galaxies.)

Such light passing intergalactic space subject to face unusual wavelength dilation due to stretching of the fabric of space (Einstein was unaware of this) and gets red-shifted wavelength known as red-shifting of light due to cosmic expansion - that Edwin Hubble discovered. So let us represent this new form of red-shifting of light's wavelength as λ(h), similar to the earlier symbolic but, by replacing Einstein's (e) as Hubble's (h) i.e. λ(h).

5. So a light signal, if emits from the Sun and passes long distance through intergalactic space, the same light signal will experience both kinds of red-shifting i.e. Einstein's gravitational red-shifting as well as Hubble's cosmic red-shifting, as a result the said red-shifting of the same light wave would subject to addition of two red-shifting said.

So this was my question symbolically presented as λ(h) + λ(e) => λ(r), as it questions addition of values of {λ(h) + λ(e)} - generally it is used as frequency modulation in the applications on Earth, and also considered as per it's energy level using Planck’s relationship E=hf. I have to confirm the actual application in this. So I’m wondering.

End.

Author, “ Hope the above throws light on the reasons of my question, Sir.”

Viewer Answers, "You are clever, well-informed, and gentlemanly: a winning combination. Thank you."

Effect of wavelength dilation in time

Summary |   https://easychair.org/publications/preprint_open/M7Zt |   Download Pdf

Effect of wavelength dilation in time. About time and wavelength dilation Soumendra Nath Thakur Tagore's Electronic Lab, West Bengal, India ORCID 0000-0003-1871-7803 Email: postmasterenator@gmail.com Date: 23rd September, 2022

Abstract

Wavelength dilation due to relativistic effects results in error in the reading of clock time. It is the phase shift in frequency and corresponding enlargement in wavelength of oscillation; which occurs in any clock, between its relative locations, due to the relativistic effects or difference in gravitational potential, results error in the reading of clock time, wrongfully presented as time dilation.

1. Introduction

The equation of time dilation t՚ = t/√(1-v²/c²) where t՚ is dilated time, t proper time, v relativistic speed, and c speed of light in free space, is wrong.  

This is a conjectural equation based on the classical Doppler formula. The counter example such as the experimental results made herein disprove the conjectural equation of the time dilation as such; disprove time dilation as a whole.

Relativity adopts Minkowski spacetime that combines three-dimensional Euclidean space and fourth dimensional time into a fourth-dimensional manifold, wherein time is robbed of its independence, rather considered 'natural'. Relativity also conveys that the proper time is dependent on relativistic effects and expressed as t<t', where t' is dilated time. This expression contradicts the expression t=t' as in classical mechanics, where time is imaginary absolute.

2. A scientific misconception in time dilation

Real events invoke time. The error in the equation t՚ = t/√(1-v²/c²) is that the relativistic effects, such as speed or gravity of the real events, can never interact with the proper time (t) which is referred in the fourth dimension. This means, the real part of the equation {1/√(1-v²/c²)} cannot affect, nor interact  with the proper time (t) to get it enlarged and to get time dilation (t') as in the equation. The observations made on the effect of dark energy do not show anti-gravity, caused by dark energy, affects time in any manner, except causing enlargement in the wavelength due to expansion of space. It is naturally unauthorized and disprovable to enlarge the scale of proper time, instead of distortion in the wavelength of clock oscillation.

The distortions of wavelengths exactly correspond to time distortions; through the relationship is λ∝T, where λ denotes wavelength and T denotes period of oscillation of the wave. So that the relativistic effects, such as speed or gravitational potential difference, affects the clock mechanism and causes phase shift in the frequency and corresponding enlargement in the wavelength of the clock oscillation, and correspondingly results error in the reading of the clock time through the relationship λ∝T, but wrongfully perceived as time dilation.

The real events within space can never reach the fourth direction of time t, either through interaction or, by influence of the relativistic effects, such as speed or gravity. The events within space will not have natural reach to the direction of proper time t, so that eventual influences can never affect the proper time than its ideal succession, to get dilated time t'. The reading of time in a clock mechanism should always follow the order of the proper time; otherwise distortions would cause wrong reading in the clock mechanism. The dimension of time is considered unreal rather, conceptual.

It would be wrong to try modifying proper time as in the conjectural equation of time dilation. Relativistic effects can never interact with proper time to get time dilation՚. In addition to this, the idea of time dilation disobeys the prevailing scientific definition of time involving existence and events. Proper time should never be robbed of its independence and not held as 'natural' even in a four-dimensional continuum of space-time.  There is no time dilation anywhere, rather the wavelength dilation of the clock oscillation resulting in error in the reading of the clock time. Distortions of wavelengths exactly correspond to time distortions; as in the mathematical relationship λ∝T, where λ denotes wavelength and T denotes period of oscillation of the wave.

3. General Foundations:

(i) Time is called T, the period of oscillation, so that T = 2π/ω. The reciprocal of the period, or the frequency f, in oscillations per second, is given by f = 1/T = ω/2π.

(ii) Doppler Redshift is the change in frequency of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the wave source.

(iii) Time distortion always originates from wavelength distortion but the time dilation of special relativity is not understood from wavelength distortion and so it does not follow the general rules.

(iv) Special relativity does not escape the fundamental equivalence between wavelengths and time, which is much more general than special relativity.

(v) Distortions of wavelengths exactly correspond to time distortions λ∝T.

(vi) Time is the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole, succeeding in irreversible and uniformed succession, referred to in the fourth dimension above three spatial dimensions. Therefore, time is not what special relativity presents as in time dilation and there is no time in time dilation.

(vii) Time is an imperceptible fourth dimensional concept so protected from relativistic effects like speed or gravity, nor subject to real interference or influence or interaction with the cosmic events. The events rather invoke time.

(viii) The term cosmic time signifies a relationship between the time since the Big Bang and the events within the Universe. The distortion in proper time always originates from wavelength distortion, including in special relativity, and therefore proper time subject to synchronization with ideal time in near approximation, as done with the atomic clocks.

4. Experimental results:

Experiments made in electronic laboratories on piezoelectric crystal oscillators show that the wave corresponds to time shift due to relativistic effects.

We get the wavelength λ of a wave is directly proportional to the time period T of the wave, that is λ∝T is derived from the wave equation f = 1/T = c/λ, where c is constant in free space.

Whereas, the time interval T(deg) for 1° of phase is inversely proportional to the frequency (f). We get a wave corresponding to the time shift.

For example, 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz wave corresponds to a time shift of 555 picoseconds (ps). The proof is:

We know, 1° phase shift = T/360.

As T=1/f,

1° phase shift = T/360 = (1/f)/360.

For a wave of frequency f = 5 MHz, we get the phase shift (in degree°)

= (1/5000000)/360

= (5.55x10^-10)

= 555 ps.

Therefore, for 1° phase shift for a wave having wavelength λ = 59.95m, and frequency f = 5 MHz, the time shift (time delay) Δt = 555 ps (approx).

Moreover, for 360° phase shift or, 1 complete cycle for a wave having frequency 1Hz (of a 9192631770 Hz wave); the time shift (time delay) 

Δt = 0.0000001087827757077666 ms (approx).

Time shift of the caesium-133 atomic clock in the GPS satellite in space:

For 1455.50003025° phase shift (or, 4.043055639583333 cycles) of a 9192631770 Hz wave; time shifts (time delays) 

Δt = 0.0000004398148148148148 ms (approx) or, 38 microsecond time is taken per day.

5. Conclusion:

The wavelength dilation of the clock oscillation due to relativistic effects, or gravitational potential difference on the clock mechanism results in corresponding error in the reading of time in the clock, wrongfully presented as time dilation. Time dilation is rather wavelength dilation.

References: 

Ref.1: Relativity : the Special and General Theory by Albert Einstein. (n.d.). Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 28, 2022, from https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5001 

Ref.2: Time and Frequency from A to Z, P. (2016, September 26). NIST. https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/popular-links/time-frequency-z/time-and-frequency-z-p 

Ref.3: Michel, D. (2014, December 18). Slowing time by stretching the waves in special relativity. Archive Ouverte HAL. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01097004v9 

Ref.4: Wikipedia contributors. (2022, September 23). Relativistic Doppler effect. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_Doppler_effect 

Ref.5: Time and the Big Bang – Exactly What Is Time? (n.d.). Retrieved September 23, 2022, from https://www.exactlywhatistime.com/physics-of-time/time-and-the-big-bang/ 

Ref.6: Wikipedia contributors. (2022, October 23). Time. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time 

Ref.7: Libretexts. (2021, March 14). 17.5: Geometry of Space-time. Physics LibreTexts. https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Classical_Mechanics/Variational_Principles_in_Classical_Mechanics_(Cline)/17:_Relativistic_Mechanics/17.05:_Geometry_of_Space-time 

Ref.8: 13.2 Wave Properties: Speed, Amplitude, Frequency, and Period - Physics | OpenStax. (n.d.). Retrieved October 28, 2022, from https://openstax.org/books/physics/pages/13-2-wave-properties-speed-amplitude-frequency-and-period 

Ref.9: Wikipedia contributors. (2022, July 24). Euclidean quantum gravity. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_quantum_gravity