Extended classical mechanics accommodates the observed isotropy (uniformity in all directions) and homogeneity (uniformity in composition) of the universe on large scales by incorporating the concepts of mass-energy dynamics, gravitational influences, and effective mass contributions that are consistent across vast spatial regions. In this framework, the distribution of ordinary mass, dark matter, and the effects of apparent (or effective) mass are considered as key contributors to the universe's large-scale structure.
The isotropy and homogeneity are maintained through a balanced interplay between gravitational forces and the negative effective mass contributions, which help stabilize large-scale cosmic structures without favouring any specific direction or location. This approach aligns with the cosmological principle, which asserts that the universe appears the same everywhere on a large scale. By addressing the cumulative effects of various mass components, extended classical mechanics provides a coherent explanation for the uniformity observed in the cosmic microwave background, galaxy distributions, and large-scale structures, ensuring that the universe's behaviour remains consistent with isotropic and homogeneous characteristics.
Reference:
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Chernin, A. D., Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G. S., Teerikorpi, P., Valtonen, M. J., Byrd,
G. G., & Merafina, M. (2013). Dark energy and the structure of the Coma
cluster of galaxies. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 553, A101. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201220781
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Thakur, S. N. (2024c). Extended Classical Mechanics: Vol-1 - Equivalence Principle,
Mass and Gravitational Dynamics. Preprints.org (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202409.1190.v2
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