Layman Explanation: Rethinking Mass when Force is applied in Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM).

In everyday physics, we’re taught that if you push something (apply force), it accelerates, and how much it accelerates depends on its mass. This is Newton’s second law: more mass means less acceleration for the same push, and vice versa. This seems straightforward.

But Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) looks more closely at what happens to mass when a force is actually applied. Traditionally, mass is treated as something fixed — a built-in resistance that doesn’t change, no matter how you push or move the object. ECM challenges this idea.

What ECM observes differently

ECM agrees that if a force isn’t zero (that is, if you’re pushing or pulling with some strength), then the relationship between the object’s mass and how it moves involves not just the mass itself, but something more subtle — the reciprocal of mass. This simply means one divided by mass.

Now, here’s where ECM makes a breakthrough. It points out that just because “one divided by mass” is a valid number, that doesn’t mean the mass itself stays unchanged. In fact, ECM says the moment this term becomes active in motion, the mass starts behaving differently.

Mass isn’t fixed when Force is involved

Instead of mass being a single constant value, ECM says it turns into a sort of effective mass — a combined quantity that depends on both the original mass and its reciprocal. That is, when something is moving because of a force, the mass acting in motion becomes more than just “mass” — it includes this new influence.

So, the result is simple but powerful: when something is pushed or pulled, its actual “mass in motion” is no longer just the mass it had at rest.

Why this matters

This is a major shift. In both classical and modern physics (like Einstein’s relativity), mass is usually assumed to stay the same while an object speeds up or slows down. ECM maintains this isn’t true — that the very act of applying force and creating motion changes how mass behaves.

In this way, ECM introduces a more dynamic and realistic view of mass — one that evolves as energy interacts with matter.

Explanation: ECM's view on Mass and Force

In regular physics (Newtonian mechanics), when you push something with a constant force, the way it speeds up (accelerates) depends on its mass. The bigger the mass, the slower it speeds up.

In math, that’s:

Force = mass × acceleration or,

Acceleration = force ÷ mass

So if the force is constant, then acceleration is controlled by 1/mass. If 1/mass stays the same, then the mass itself must also stay the same — simple.

ECM’s new insight

ECM agrees with this formula, but it goes deeper:

Even if 1/mass stays the same, that doesn't mean the actual mass isn’t changing— especially in systems where gravity or energy is involved.

That’s because ECM introduces a new way to look at mass in motion. It says the true “mass” that reacts to force is not just regular mass, but:

Effective Mass = mass ± (1/mass)

This extra piece, 1/mass, changes how things behave when they move — especially when they're gaining or losing energy, like in space or under gravity.

Key Takeaway:

Even if 1/mass seems constant when a force is applied, the real behaviour depends on this new “effective mass.” So the object might not behave as if it had constant mass — because it doesn’t, in ECM terms!

- Soumendra Nath Thakur
  May 24, 2025

Holes and Photons as Dual Manifestations of Electron Displacement.

Soumendra Nath Thakur

May 24, 2005

In Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), photons and holes are proposed as dual manifestations of electron displacement. This means that both phenomena are different ways of understanding the effects of an electron moving from one location to another, whether that movement is through a change in energy level, conductive drift, or field interaction. Specifically, photons represent the released kinetic energy, while holes represent a localized deficit of mass-energy equilibrium, both characterized by negative apparent mass.

Here's a breakdown:

1. Electron Displacement and its Energetic Consequences:

·         When an electron changes its state, it can either absorb or emit energy in the form of a photon. This is a fundamental aspect of how electrons interact with electromagnetic fields and other atoms in materials.

·         The displacement of an electron can also lead to the creation of a hole, which is a vacant electron energy state. Holes behave as if they have a positive charge, moving in the opposite direction to electrons.

2. Photons as Carriers of Released Kinetic Energy:

·         In ECM, photons are viewed not just as packets of electromagnetic radiation, but also as carriers of kinetic energy released during electron transitions.

·         This energy can be transferred to other systems, causing them to change their state or move.

3. Holes as Localized Deficits of Mass-Energy Equilibrium:

·         When an electron moves, it leaves behind a "vacancy" or hole.

·         This hole is not a physical particle, but rather a manifestation of a localized deficit of mass-energy equilibrium.

·         The presence of a hole affects the overall system's energy and apparent mass.

4. Unifying Kinetic Energy Exchange and Apparent Mass:

·         By linking photons and holes as dual manifestations of electron displacement, ECM aims to unify the concepts of kinetic energy exchange and apparent mass dynamics.

·         This means that the seemingly separate phenomena of electron movement, photon emission/absorption, and hole creation can be understood within a single framework.

5. Implications for Solid-State Physics and Beyond:

·         This perspective has implications for understanding various solid-state phenomena, such as semiconductor behaviour, electrical conduction, and the behaviour of materials in electric and magnetic fields.

·         It also has potential applications in areas like quantum computing and advanced materials science.

Reference:

Thakur, S. N. (2025). Holes and photons as dual manifestations of electron displacement in extended classical mechanics: In ResearchGate [Journal-article]. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.20536.87041

ECM Interpretation of the Components in Decomposed Energy

May 23, 2025

In Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), the total energy of a particle in motion is decomposed into two structurally distinct components: potential energy arising from matter mass (Mᴍ​), and kinetic energy arising from the displacement of apparent mass (−Mᵃᵖᵖ​). This dual-mass framework allows ECM to represent all particle dynamics—including massless and massive states—with classical mass-energy logic.

ECM Total Energy Decomposition Expression:

Eₜₒₜₐₗ = PE + KE = (Mᴍ −Mᵃᵖᵖ) + ½(Mᴍ −Mᵃᵖᵖ)v²

Eₜₒₜₐₗ = Mᵉᶠᶠ + ½Mᵉᶠᶠv²

• Massive Particle: Mᴍ > 0

Motion involves partial transformation of Mᴍ to Mᵃᵖᵖ

• ​For Traditional Massless Particles (e.g., photon): Mᴍ<0 with Mᴍ≠0; v=c

Eₜₒₜₐₗ = ½Mᵉᶠᶠ,ᵧv², where: Mᵉᶠᶠ,ᵧ = (Mᴍ −Mᵃᵖᵖ) = −2Mᵃᵖᵖ

ECM Advantage:

This decomposition allows mechanical and electromagnetic kinetic energy to be represented with the same mass-based structure, unifying classical and quantum particle behaviour under a single extended framework.

Mass-Energy Equivalence Emerging Naturally Within the Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) Framework

May 22, 2025

1. Mass-energy equivalence emerges naturally and classically from energy transformations via frequency and motion—not as a postulate of relativity, but as a derivation from kinetic energy and apparent mass;

2. Planck's equation E = hf, when interpreted through ECM, logically leads to E = mc² as a classical consequence—not as a relativistic innovation;

3. Einstein’s 1905 formulation, though profound in its relativistic implications, was not the origin of mass-energy equivalence but a reinterpretation from a rest-frame perspective;

4. ECM restores justice to both classical physics and Max Planck, reuniting the concepts of mass, energy, frequency, and motion under a coherent, physical, and classical framework.

This achievement doesn’t just reinterpret an equation—it rewrites a piece of scientific history.

Now ECM is in a strong position to formally challenge the conventional narrative, and more importantly, to show how ECM can extend the legacy of classical physics into domains long thought to be governed solely by relativistic frameworks.

What Extended Classical Mechanics is not:

ECM (Extended Classical Mechanics) is not a return to pre-relativistic classical mechanics. Rather, it extends classical principles by restoring the neglected role of apparent mass (−Mᵃᵖᵖ) as a dynamical and physically consequential component of energy interactions—particularly in dynamical transformations, redshifts, cosmic expansion, and photon behaviour. It is not a placeholder; it is an active participant in the structure of physical reality.

While quantum mechanics provides powerful mathematical formulations for particle-scale interactions, it does not scale naturally to cosmic phenomena without using abstract discrete concepts. On the other hand, ECM works coherently in both the micro and macro domains. It aligns with quantum behaviour at the Planck scale without accepting the metaphysical assumptions of relativistic mechanics, and at the same time provides powerful explanatory power for large-scale structures such as galactic clusters, which is currently being applied collaboratively by international research teams.

The ECM is not an ideological reversion to Newtonianism, nor a speculative leap into idealism - it is a consistent, empirical, and physically grounded framework that aims to reunify momentum, mass, and energy across all levels of nature.

Soumendra Nath Thakur

May 21, 2025