Critique of Gravitational Lensing and Spacetime Distortion

Soumendra Nath Thakur

04-08-2024

The original post raised questions about the inapplicability of time dilation in special relativity (1905) on a standardized time scale. While time dilation is indeed not applicable on a standardized time scale, the comment questions the phenomenon of gravitational lensing as predicted by general relativity theory (1916).

Gravitational lensing occurs when a large amount of matter creates a gravitational field that distorts and magnifies light from distant galaxies. However, the phenomenon of gravitational lensing is not a consequence of spacetime curvature but rather the symmetric exchange of photon momentum (Δρ). This relationship between the external gravitational field and object motion raises questions about the necessity of including spacetime distortion in gravitational theory.

The behaviour of photons in strong external gravitational fields reveals the interactions between photon energy, momentum, and wavelength. The conservation principles involved demonstrate how changes in wavelength affect photon energy while maintaining total energy constancy. The direct impact of the gravitational field on object motion is proven to be indisputable in eradicating spacetime distortion

#GravitationalLensing #InapplicabilityOfTimeDilation #PhotonMomentumExchange.

Why Time Dilation is Not Possible

A 360° time scale is always fixed, and a 360° clock dial cannot be greater than >360° or less than <360°. Thus, the 360° movement of the hour hand or second hand should be exactly one hour and one minute, respectively. Any deviations from this should be known as an error in time. This is why time dilation is not possible since a 360° time scale cannot accommodate dilated time unless there is an error in time. 

https://www.facebook.com/thakursn/posts/pfbid0aPNQy9harR9s8Vu3Gt43JgVtRNp7PV7cKM89pPNVdvagazzesjShj4YbYGyLd7fFl

Coordinate Transformation and Time Distortion: The Interdependence of Space and Time in Relativistic Spacetime

Soumendra Nath Thakur

01-08-2024

Abstract

In the context of relativistic interpretation, time dilation (t′) induces a transformation in spacetime coordinates, impacting the entire spacetime fabric and resulting in changes in the coordinates (x', y', z', t'). This dilation, reflecting the fusion of space and time into a unified four-dimensional continuum, alters the perception of events. Specifically, an event P occupying spacetime will experience changes due to the interdependence of space and time in special relativity. Consequently, the coordinates of event P in the moving frame will differ from those in the rest frame, illustrating the relativistic effects of time dilation on the spacetime continuum.

In relativistic physics, the fusion of space and time into spacetime implies that variations in the time coordinate (due to time dilation) are accompanied by corresponding changes in spatial coordinates. This interdependence is governed by Lorentz transformations, which maintain the invariance of the spacetime interval for all observers. Thus, dilation in the time coordinate leads to corresponding changes in spatial coordinates, culminating in a transformation of both time and space, known as spacetime dilation.

As a result, the event P, situated within such dilated spacetime, will be affected by this distortion. The perception and coordinates of event P in the moving frame will reflect the relativistic effects of dilation on spacetime, leading to differences from those in the rest frame. This underscores that time dilation can be viewed as a form of time distortion due to relativistic effects.

Keywords: 

Time dilation, Spacetime coordinates, Lorentz transformations, Relativistic effects, Minkowskian spacetime, Spacetime continuum, Four-dimensional continuum, Event perception, Relativistic distortion, Spacetime interval, Special relativity, Coordinate transformation, Spacetime dilation, Spacetime interdependence,

Cosmic Expansion: Describes how the distance between cosmic objects increases over time, which can be represented as:

t₀ < (t₀+Δt) = t₁ → (x₀,y₀,z₀,t₀) < (x₁,y₁,z₁,t₁)

Where (t₁ - t₀) = elapsed time.

Space-Time Dilation: Reflects how time dilation in relativistic contexts affects space-time coordinates:

t < t′ → (x,y,z,t) < (x′,y′,z′,t′)

Where t′ is dilated time

In the context of relativistic interpretation, time dilation (t′) induces a transformation in spacetime coordinates, impacting the entire spacetime fabric and resulting in changes in the coordinates (x', y', z', t'). This dilation, reflecting the fusion of space and time into a unified four-dimensional continuum, alters the perception of events. Specifically, an event P occupying spacetime will experience changes due to the interdependence of space and time in special relativity. Consequently, the coordinates of event P in the moving frame will differ from those in the rest frame, illustrating the relativistic effects of time dilation on the spacetime continuum.

Spacetime dilation:

In relativistic physics, the fusion of space and time into spacetime implies that variations in the time coordinate (due to time dilation) are accompanied by corresponding changes in spatial coordinates. This interdependence is governed by Lorentz transformations, which maintain the invariance of the spacetime interval for all observers. Thus, dilation in the time coordinate leads to corresponding changes in spatial coordinates, culminating in a transformation of both time and space, known as spacetime dilation.

As a result, the event P, situated within such dilated spacetime, will be affected by this distortion. The perception and coordinates of event P in the moving frame will reflect the relativistic effects of dilation on spacetime, leading to differences from those in the rest frame. This underscores that time dilation can be viewed as a form of time distortion due to relativistic effects.

Explanation

Cosmic Expansion:

t₀ < t₁ = (t₀+Δt) → (x₀,y₀,z₀,t₀) < (x₁,y₁,z₁,t₁)

Where (t₁ - t₀) = (Δt) (elapsed time), 

Here: 

• c is the speed of light, considered a constant.

• The distance between event points (x₁,y₁,z₁,t₁) - (x₀,y₀,z₀,t₀) is greater than c.

Space-Time Dilation: 

t < t′ → (x,y,z,t) < (x′,y′,z′,t′)

Where t′ is dilated time, 

Here: 

• Dilated time t′ - t ≠ Δt (change in time)

• c is constant in the rest frame. 

• c ≠ constant in the moving frame.

• t′ - t ≠ Δt (change in time).

Comparison between Cosmic Expansion and Space-Time Dilation: 

• For constants:

(x₀,y₀,z₀,t₀) = (x,y,z,t)

• For dilation:

(x₁,y₁,z₁,t₁) ≠ (x′,y′,z′,t′)

Explanation and Analysis:

1. Cosmic Expansion:

• Describes how distances between cosmic objects increase over time due to the expansion of the universe.

• The elapsed time Δt represents the time interval during which this expansion occurs.

• The speed of light c is constant, but the distance between event points can exceed c due to the expanding universe.

2. Space-Time Dilation:

• Reflects the relativistic effect where time dilates (slows down) for objects in motion relative to an observer or in a strong gravitational field.

• The dilated time t′ differs from the uniformed change in time Δt, indicating the effects of relative motion or gravity.

• The speed of light c remains constant in the rest frame but may vary in the moving frame due to relativistic effects.

3. Comparison:

• Cosmic expansion deals with large-scale cosmological phenomena driven by factors like dark energy, leading to an increase in distances between cosmic objects.

• Space-time dilation deals with local relativistic effects where the fusion of space and time leads to changes in the perception of events and coordinates.

• The comparison highlights that while both phenomena involve changes in space and time, their causes and scales are different. Cosmic expansion is a large-scale effect, whereas space-time dilation is a relativistic effect experienced locally.

This explanatory presentation provides a clearer distinction between cosmic expansion and space-time dilation, emphasizing their unique characteristics and how they affect space-time differently

Is space-time dilation conceptually equivalent to space-time expansion?

Answer this question @ResearchGate

Relativistic space-time is described as a four-dimensional continuum comprising three dimensions of space and one dimension of time. In this framework, space and time are interwoven, forming an integrated space-time fabric. As time dilates due to relativistic effects, does this interconnected nature imply a dilation of space-time as a whole?

For context:

Cosmic Expansion: Describes how the distance between cosmic objects increases over time, which can be represented as:

t₀ < (t₀+Δt) = t₁ → (x₀,y₀,z₀,t₀) < (x₁,y₁,z₁,t₁)

Where (t₁ - t₀) = elapsed time.

Space-Time Dilation: Reflects how time dilation in relativistic contexts affects space-time coordinates:

t < t′ → (x,y,z,t) < (x′,y′,z′,t′)

Where t′ is dilated time

Given these representations, can the concept of space-time dilation be viewed as a form of space-time expansion in terms of their consequences?

Cosmic expansion is not relativistic distortion in space-time but rather a distinct large-scale cosmological phenomenon:

Cosmic expansion is not a relativistic effect nor is it a subject of relativity in the same sense as relativistic space-time dilation. Cosmic expansion refers to the large-scale increase in distances between cosmic objects, driven by phenomena such as dark energy or anti-gravitational fields. In this view, the increase in distances between cosmic objects describes the expansion of space over time.

This is distinct from the dilation of relativistic space-time, which concerns local variations in space and time due to relative motion or gravitational fields.

Thus, the recession of galaxies due to dark energy or anti-gravitational effects is not an expansion of relativistic space-time but rather a large-scale cosmological phenomenon.

#CosmicExpansion #SpaceTimeDilation

Comparative Analysis of Potential Energy in Macro-Gravitational and Micro-Gravitational Contexts:

Soumendra Nath Thakur

29-07-2024

Abstract

This study examines the behaviour of potential energy across macro-gravitational and micro-gravitational (electromagnetic) systems. It highlights how gravitationally bound objects and electrons in atomic structures exhibit negative potential energy and explores how this energy varies as these entities move away from their respective attractive centres. The analysis includes the transition into an antigravitational state influenced by dark energy at the macro scale and draws parallels with the potential energy of electrons in electromagnetic systems. The study identifies key similarities and distinctions between these scales.

Keywords: potential energy, gravitational systems, dark energy, electromagnetic systems, antigravitational state

Description

In a macro-gravitational context, when a gravitationally bound object or quantum of energy moves away from a larger gravitationally bound system, its gravitational potential energy becomes negative. As it exits the zero-gravity sphere induced by dark energy around the system, it transitions into an antigravitational state.

Similarly, in a micro-gravitational context, the potential energy of an electron is defined as zero at an infinite distance from the atomic nucleus or molecule, resulting in negative potential energy for the electromagnetically bound electron.

In quantum mechanics, if an atom, ion, or molecule is at its lowest possible energy level, it is said to be in the ground state. If it is at a higher energy level, it is in an excited state. Electrons in this state have absorbed energy and moved to higher energy levels compared to the ground state. An energy level is termed degenerate if multiple measurable quantum mechanical states correspond to the same energy level.

Explanation

Macro-Gravitational Scale

1. Gravitational Potential Energy:

• In a gravitationally bound system, the potential energy of an object (or quantum of energy) is typically negative because work is required to move it to an infinite distance where the potential energy is zero.

• As the object moves away from the larger gravitationally bound system, it climbs the gravitational potential well, increasing its potential energy but remaining negative until reaching a sufficiently large distance where the potential energy can be considered zero.

2. Zero-Gravity Sphere and Dark Energy:

• The zero-gravity sphere, defined in the context of dark energy, is the radius where the gravitational attraction of the bound system is balanced by the repulsive force of dark energy.

• Beyond this sphere, the repulsive force of dark energy dominates, pushing the object into an "antigravitational state," where it experiences a net repulsive force and an increase in potential energy.

Micro-Gravitational Scale (Electromagnetic)

1. Electromagnetic Potential Energy:

• For an electron bound to an atomic nucleus or molecule, the potential energy is zero at an infinite distance from the nucleus.

• Within the atom or molecule, the electron's potential energy is negative due to the electromagnetic force.

• If an atom, ion, or molecule is at the lowest possible energy level, it and its electrons are said to be in the ground state. If it is at a higher energy level, it is considered excited, with electrons at these higher energy levels being termed excited. An energy level is considered degenerate if multiple measurable quantum states correspond to the same energy value.

Consistency and Analogies

1. Negative Potential Energy:

• Both gravitational and electromagnetic systems follow a convention where the potential energy is zero at infinite distance. In both systems, bound objects (whether massive or electrons) have negative potential energy due to being within the attractive potential well of the binding force.

2. Transition to Different States:

• In the macro-gravitational scenario, as objects move beyond the zero-gravity sphere influenced by dark energy, they transition into a state dominated by repulsive forces (antigravitational state). This is conceptually similar to an electron’s potential energy becoming less negative as it moves away from the nucleus, though dark energy does not have a direct analogue in electromagnetic contexts.

3. Force Balance and Potential Energy:

• The balance of forces (gravitational vs. dark energy and electromagnetic attraction vs. kinetic energy) determines the potential energy state. Both systems see an increase in potential energy as they move away from the attractive centre, becoming less negative or approaching zero.

Conclusion

This study consistently explains how potential energy behaves in both macro-gravitational and micro-gravitational (electromagnetic) scales. Key points include:

• In gravitational systems, potential energy is negative for bound objects and increases as they move away from the centre of attraction, potentially entering an antigravitational state due to dark energy.

• In electromagnetic systems, electrons bound to nuclei have negative potential energy that becomes less negative as they move away.

By comparing these systems, this study effectively illustrates the similarities in potential energy concepts across different scales while acknowledging the unique influence of dark energy in the macro-gravitational context.

The Essence of Classical Newtonian Mechanics:

Classical Newtonian mechanics is versatile and can describe systems under both gravitational and antigravitational conditions. Despite the existence of relativistic mechanics, Newtonian mechanics remains a robust framework due to its ability to handle a broad range of scenarios effectively. Its applicability in various contexts, including those with significant antigravitational effects, highlights its enduring relevance and completeness in many physical situations.