Cosmic expansion is not relativistic distortion in space-time but rather a distinct large-scale cosmological phenomenon:

Cosmic expansion is not a relativistic effect nor is it a subject of relativity in the same sense as relativistic space-time dilation. Cosmic expansion refers to the large-scale increase in distances between cosmic objects, driven by phenomena such as dark energy or anti-gravitational fields. In this view, the increase in distances between cosmic objects describes the expansion of space over time.

This is distinct from the dilation of relativistic space-time, which concerns local variations in space and time due to relative motion or gravitational fields.

Thus, the recession of galaxies due to dark energy or anti-gravitational effects is not an expansion of relativistic space-time but rather a large-scale cosmological phenomenon.

#CosmicExpansion #SpaceTimeDilation

Comparative Analysis of Potential Energy in Macro-Gravitational and Micro-Gravitational Contexts:

Soumendra Nath Thakur

29-07-2024

Abstract

This study examines the behaviour of potential energy across macro-gravitational and micro-gravitational (electromagnetic) systems. It highlights how gravitationally bound objects and electrons in atomic structures exhibit negative potential energy and explores how this energy varies as these entities move away from their respective attractive centres. The analysis includes the transition into an antigravitational state influenced by dark energy at the macro scale and draws parallels with the potential energy of electrons in electromagnetic systems. The study identifies key similarities and distinctions between these scales.

Keywords: potential energy, gravitational systems, dark energy, electromagnetic systems, antigravitational state

Description

In a macro-gravitational context, when a gravitationally bound object or quantum of energy moves away from a larger gravitationally bound system, its gravitational potential energy becomes negative. As it exits the zero-gravity sphere induced by dark energy around the system, it transitions into an antigravitational state.

Similarly, in a micro-gravitational context, the potential energy of an electron is defined as zero at an infinite distance from the atomic nucleus or molecule, resulting in negative potential energy for the electromagnetically bound electron.

In quantum mechanics, if an atom, ion, or molecule is at its lowest possible energy level, it is said to be in the ground state. If it is at a higher energy level, it is in an excited state. Electrons in this state have absorbed energy and moved to higher energy levels compared to the ground state. An energy level is termed degenerate if multiple measurable quantum mechanical states correspond to the same energy level.

Explanation

Macro-Gravitational Scale

1. Gravitational Potential Energy:

• In a gravitationally bound system, the potential energy of an object (or quantum of energy) is typically negative because work is required to move it to an infinite distance where the potential energy is zero.

• As the object moves away from the larger gravitationally bound system, it climbs the gravitational potential well, increasing its potential energy but remaining negative until reaching a sufficiently large distance where the potential energy can be considered zero.

2. Zero-Gravity Sphere and Dark Energy:

• The zero-gravity sphere, defined in the context of dark energy, is the radius where the gravitational attraction of the bound system is balanced by the repulsive force of dark energy.

• Beyond this sphere, the repulsive force of dark energy dominates, pushing the object into an "antigravitational state," where it experiences a net repulsive force and an increase in potential energy.

Micro-Gravitational Scale (Electromagnetic)

1. Electromagnetic Potential Energy:

• For an electron bound to an atomic nucleus or molecule, the potential energy is zero at an infinite distance from the nucleus.

• Within the atom or molecule, the electron's potential energy is negative due to the electromagnetic force.

• If an atom, ion, or molecule is at the lowest possible energy level, it and its electrons are said to be in the ground state. If it is at a higher energy level, it is considered excited, with electrons at these higher energy levels being termed excited. An energy level is considered degenerate if multiple measurable quantum states correspond to the same energy value.

Consistency and Analogies

1. Negative Potential Energy:

• Both gravitational and electromagnetic systems follow a convention where the potential energy is zero at infinite distance. In both systems, bound objects (whether massive or electrons) have negative potential energy due to being within the attractive potential well of the binding force.

2. Transition to Different States:

• In the macro-gravitational scenario, as objects move beyond the zero-gravity sphere influenced by dark energy, they transition into a state dominated by repulsive forces (antigravitational state). This is conceptually similar to an electron’s potential energy becoming less negative as it moves away from the nucleus, though dark energy does not have a direct analogue in electromagnetic contexts.

3. Force Balance and Potential Energy:

• The balance of forces (gravitational vs. dark energy and electromagnetic attraction vs. kinetic energy) determines the potential energy state. Both systems see an increase in potential energy as they move away from the attractive centre, becoming less negative or approaching zero.

Conclusion

This study consistently explains how potential energy behaves in both macro-gravitational and micro-gravitational (electromagnetic) scales. Key points include:

• In gravitational systems, potential energy is negative for bound objects and increases as they move away from the centre of attraction, potentially entering an antigravitational state due to dark energy.

• In electromagnetic systems, electrons bound to nuclei have negative potential energy that becomes less negative as they move away.

By comparing these systems, this study effectively illustrates the similarities in potential energy concepts across different scales while acknowledging the unique influence of dark energy in the macro-gravitational context.

The Essence of Classical Newtonian Mechanics:

Classical Newtonian mechanics is versatile and can describe systems under both gravitational and antigravitational conditions. Despite the existence of relativistic mechanics, Newtonian mechanics remains a robust framework due to its ability to handle a broad range of scenarios effectively. Its applicability in various contexts, including those with significant antigravitational effects, highlights its enduring relevance and completeness in many physical situations.

The Essence of Classical Newtonian Mechanics:

Classical Newtonian mechanics is versatile and can describe systems under both gravitational and antigravitational conditions. Despite the existence of relativistic mechanics, Newtonian mechanics remains a robust framework due to its ability to handle a broad range of scenarios effectively. Its applicability in various contexts, including those with significant antigravitational effects, highlights its enduring relevance and completeness in many physical situations.

#ClassicalMechanics

Understanding the Expansion of the Universe:

Soumendra Nath Thakur

28-07-2024

Abstract

The expansion of the universe is commonly interpreted within the framework of general relativity as the stretching of the fabric of space-time. However, this interpretation is not empirically valid. Observable cosmic expansion is better understood as an increase in the distances between galaxies, driven by the repulsive effects of dark energy, which contrasts with the gravitational effects that typically pull objects together in classical mechanics. This perspective emphasizes changes in the positions and distances of matter rather than alterations in the structure of space-time itself.

Keywords: Galactic recession, Increased galactic distance, Dark energy, Cosmological expansion, Observable Universe, Classical Mechanics,

The expansion of the universe refers to the observation that galaxies are moving away from each other, which implies that the distances between them are increasing over time. This concept is often visualized as the stretching of the fabric of space itself, particularly within the framework of general relativity. However, this interpretation of space-time fabric expanding is not empirically valid for two main reasons:

1. Observable Cosmic Expansion: The measurable expansion of the universe is observed as an increase in the distance between galaxies. This phenomenon can be attributed to the effects of dark energy, which exerts a repulsive force (anti-gravitational effect) causing galaxies to move apart. This is different from gravitational effects that draw objects together, as understood in classical mechanics.

2. Nature of Expansion: The concept of an expanding fabric of space-time suggests a dynamic change in the underlying structure of space and time, which is a theoretical construct in the relativistic framework. However, the observable evidence points to the increasing distances between objects (such as galaxies) rather than an expansion of space-time itself. This distinction emphasizes that the empirical observations are more aligned with changes in positions and distances of matter rather than alterations in the space-time continuum.

Thus, the cosmological expansion is better understood as the increasing separation of galaxies driven by dark energy rather than an expansion in the fabric of space-time.

#GalacticRecession #IncreasedGalacticDistance #DarkEnergy #CosmologicalExpansion #ObservableUniverse #ClassicalMechanics

Measuring Distances of Celestial Bodies Using Infrared Signals

In smaller scales, parallax is used directly to find the distance of celestial bodies (stars) from Earth (geocentric parallax) and from the Sun (heliocentric parallax). Visible light is used in parallax measurements. Parallax is effective over relatively small scales.

However, observing galaxies as old as the universe involves much larger scales, and visible light cannot reach us beyond a certain distance. This is because the shorter wavelengths of visible light are scattered by dust, vapor, and gases. Therefore, infrared signals with longer wavelengths are used to observe distant objects such as ancient galaxies. The longer wavelengths of infrared signals can penetrate dusty or gaseous environments.

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) uses near-infrared and mid-infrared cameras to observe very distant galaxies.

The above image shows the respective distances corresponding to the increased wavelengths of infrared signals, helping to determine the distances of galaxies based on the wavelengths of the signals received. Additionally, the expansion of space increases these wavelengths further, in addition to the normal increment with light-travelled distance.

Furthermore, by analysing these signals using a spectrograph—an instrument that disperses electromagnetic radiation into a spectrum and photographs or maps it—we can understand the composition of the observed object. The spectrograph converts signals according to their frequencies and corresponding wavelengths.

Therefore, by measuring the wavelengths of these signals, the distance to the object can be determined, not by using the parallax of visible light but by using infrared.

#InfraredSignals #JWST #JamesWebbSpaceTelescope #Spectrograph #GalacticDistances