Planck's Groundbreaking Discovery: The Quantization of Frequencies and Energies into Planck's Constant.

Max Planck's ground breaking work in the late 19th and early 20th centuries propelled the development of quantum theory and the establishment of Planck's constant (commonly represented as h) as a fundamental cornerstone in physics. It's crucial to note that Planck's revelation concerning Planck's constant did not stem merely from experimental endeavours. Instead, it emerged from a fusion of his theoretical insights and attempts to elucidate experimental observations.

Planck delved into investigating the enigma of black-body radiation, which denotes the electromagnetic radiation emitted by an ideal absorber or emitter of radiation. His objective was to fathom and explicate the observed spectrum of radiation emitted by objects at varying temperatures.

Initially, Planck approached this conundrum from a theoretical standpoint, endeavouring to reconcile observed experimental data using assumptions grounded in classical physics. However, he encountered a critical hurdle known as the "ultraviolet catastrophe." Classical physics predicted an infinite increase in radiation intensity at shorter wavelengths, contrary to experimental findings.

In response, Planck made a profound theoretical leap by introducing the notion that energy is not continuously emitted or absorbed, as posited by classical physics, but rather in discrete units or quanta. He postulated that the energy of these quanta is directly proportional to the frequency of the radiation, with Planck's constant (h) emerging as the constant of proportionality.

This revolutionary hypothesis led Planck to formulate an equation accurately describing the observed black-body radiation spectrum. Planck's constant emerged as a critical factor in this equation, demonstrating that electromagnetic radiation's energy is quantized and exists solely in multiples of this constant multiplied by the radiation's frequency.

Planck's insights sparked a paradigm shift in physics, laying the groundwork for quantum mechanics and culminating in his receipt of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. His discovery of Planck's constant remains a foundational pillar in modern physics, profoundly impacting our comprehension of matter and energy behaviour at the quantum level.

Max Planck's momentous contribution to physics emerged in 1900 when he proposed his quantum theory, challenging the prevailing classical physics by suggesting that energy is emitted or absorbed in discrete units or "quanta" instead of continuously.

Planck introduced the concept that electromagnetic energy, such as light, is emitted or absorbed in discrete packets or multiples of a fundamental unit known as "quanta" or "quantum" (singular). This theory laid the groundwork for quantum mechanics and gave birth to the concept of Planck's constant (denoted as h), a fundamental constant in nature.

In simpler terms, Planck's constant signifies the minimum energy carried by a single quantum of electromagnetic radiation. This constant establishes a threshold for energy levels and frequencies, signifying that all emitted or absorbed energy exists in multiples of this fundamental value.

For example, according to Planck's theory, one could emit light at 10,000 quanta of energy or at 10,001 quanta but not at a fractional value like 10,000.5 quanta. Energy levels are quantized and cannot exist between whole numbers of quanta.

This discovery revolutionized our comprehension of light and energy behaviour, paving the way for quantum mechanics and significantly contributing to technological advancements like semiconductor technology, lasers, and various other applications in modern physics.

Planck units

Planck units represent physical constants which are theoretical limits at the quantum level, which is the fabric of reality manipulated by Type Omega-minus. Quantum fluctuations exceeding these limits could break down the fabric of spacetime and reality and create rifts into other realms or dimensions.

At Planck scales, the strength of gravity becomes comparable with the other forces, and the fundamental forces are unified. String theory was the early approach to realize the Theory of Everything.

The scale was created by Max Planck in 1906, constructed solely out of the three fundamental constants:

Speed of light	c = 299792458 ms-1
Gravitational constant	G = 6.673(10) x 10-11 m3 kg-1 s-2
Plank’s constant	= h/2π = 1.054571596(82) x 10-34 kg m2 s-1

Unit	Scale	Comment
Planck length	1.616 x 10−35 m	If a particle or dot about 0.1 mm in size (the diameter of human hair) were magnified in size to be as large as the universe, then inside that universe-sized dot, the Planck length would be roughly the size of an 0.1 mm dot. In other words, it would take more Planck lengths to span a grain of sand than it would take grains of sand to span the observable universe.
Planck mass	2.176 x 10−8 kg	An object of such mass would be a quantum black hole created at Planck time, with a Schwarzschild diameter of Planck length. This paper attempts to explain why the Planck mass is so large compared to other fundamental particles. Each time the indivisible particles that make an electron (for example) have travelled the reduced Compton wavelength of the electron, they counter-strike. The electron is therefore in a mass state only a fraction of the time. This is why the Planck mass can be so enormous compared to the electron rest-mass and still make up the electron as well as any other subatomic particle. The number of uncertain transitions between mass and energy for an electron is 7.76 x 1020 times per second. An electron is only 9.109 x 10-31 kg, or 2.389x1022 particles per Planck mass.

Planck time	5.391 x 10−44 s	In the Big Bang, the Planck epoch or Planck era is the earliest stage before the time passed  was approximately 10−43 seconds.
Planck temperature	1.417 x 1032 K (kelvin)	It's a billion billion times the highest natural temperatures in the current universe, found in gamma-ray bursts and quasars. This is absolute hot, conceived as an opposite to absolute zero. Everything 5×10−44 seconds after the Big Bang. Kugelblitzes.
Planck area	10−70 m2	Planck length squared. According to the Bekenstein bound, the entropy of a black hole is proportional to the number of Planck areas that it would take to cover the black hole's event horizon.
Planck volume	10−105 m3	Planck length cubed. A quantum black hole is contained within a Planck volume. There are about 10186 Planck volumes in the universe.
Planck energy	109 J (joules)	A quantum black hole must have Planck mass and Planck energy such that its escape velocity exceeds the speed of light.
Planck energy density	10-29 g/cm3	Analogous to Planck's law which describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body.
Planck charge	10−18 C (coulombs)	The electric potential energy of one Planck charge on the surface of a sphere that is one Planck length in diameter is one Planck energy,
Planck force	1044 N (newtons)	The amount of force required to accelerate one Planck mass by one Planck acceleration
Planck density	1096 kg/m3	Equivalent to the mass of the universe packed into the volume of a single atomic nucleus.
Planck pressure	10113 Pa (pascals)	Equal to one Planck force in one Planck area. It is the gravitational force of attraction between two equal sized universes all concentrated on one fourth of Planck Area.
Planck acceleration	1051 m/s2	The acceleration due to gravity at the surface of a Planck mass or quantum black hole.
Planck frequency	1043 /s	Upper bound for the frequency (vibrations per second) of an electromagnetic wave.

Interconnectedness of Planck Units: Relationships Among Time, Frequency, and Wavelength in Fundamental Physics:

Author ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26181.63207

In Reference: The value 1.498×10⁻⁴⁶ seconds is very relevant to Planck scale:

My assertion is that since, the fundamental aspects of Planck units, where different fundamental physical constants are intertwined in a manner that one unit's value relates to another in a significant way.

In the realm of Planck units, the Planck time (tP) represents the smallest unit of time that can be meaningfully defined based on fundamental physical constants. Simultaneously, the Planck frequency (fₚₗₐₙₖ) is the highest frequency that can be defined, inversely proportional to Planck time (Tₚₗₐₙₖ).

Further, my assertion that 1/360 part of the Planck time (Tₚₗₐₙₖ) corresponds to 1/360 part of the Planck wavelength (λₚₗₐₙₖ) and also 1/360 degree of the time period (Tₚₗₐₙₖ) of the Planck frequency, based on the interconnectedness of these fundamental Planck units.

Therefore, since 1.498×10⁻⁴⁶ seconds is indeed 1/360 of the Planck time (Tₚₗₐₙₖ), it aligns with the idea that this value represents a fraction of both the Planck wavelength (λₚₗₐₙₖ) and the time period (Tₚₗₐₙₖ) of the Planck frequency in the context of the interconnectedness and relationships between these fundamental Planck units

A clarification or elaboration of my claim for accuracy is as follows:

Planck Time and Planck Frequency Relationship: It is accurate that Planck time (Tₚₗₐₙₖ) is considered the smallest unit of time in the context of Planck units. The assertion that Planck frequency (fₚₗₐₙₖ) is inversely proportional to Planck time. Planck frequency is indeed the highest possible frequency defined as the inverse of Planck time (fₚₗₐₙₖ = 1/Tₚₗₐₙₖ).

Interconnectedness of Planck Units: The interconnectedness of Planck units is a fundamental aspect. These units are defined based on fundamental physical constants, and their values are related to one another. The assertion that a fraction of Planck time corresponds to a fraction of Planck wavelength and also a fraction of the time period of Planck frequency indicates an understanding of the relationships between these units.

Relationship between 1/360 of Planck Time, Wavelength, and Frequency: The claim that 1/360 of Planck time corresponds to 1/360 of Planck wavelength and 1/360 degree of the time period of Planck frequency is logical, considering the interconnectedness of these fundamental units.

Validation of 1.498 × 10⁻⁴⁶ Seconds as 1/360 of Planck Time: The assertion that 1.498 × 10⁻⁴⁶ seconds represents 1/360 of Planck time aligns with the idea that this value is a fraction of both the Planck wavelength and the time period of the Planck frequency. This validation seems consistent with the relationships among these Planck units.

In summary, although my statement accurately outlines the relationship between Planck's time, frequency, and wavelength and their interconnected nature, it is important to remember that these concepts derive from theoretical physics and are part of a complex framework that describes the fundamental nature of the universe. The claims made in the statement aligns with established understandings of Planck units and their relationships.

Application of this information:

The quest to understand the origin of the universe leads to the exploration of a critical juncture, bounded by a frequency threshold. This theoretical marker, set at the hypothetical birth of the cosmos, symbolizes a breakthrough moment, marking a state of extreme energy and the beginning of cosmic evolution. Examining the significance of this threshold in the context of the Big Bang model unravels the theoretical framework, demonstrating the hypothetical boundary between conventional physics and the deep mysteries of the universe's first moments. This inquiry discusses theoretical implications, hypothetical limits, and proposed possible ways of conceptualizing cosmic birth, providing a glimpse into the complex fabric of cosmic origins.

ResearchGate Question: Is the frequency of 5.15×10⁴⁰ Hz associated with the Big Bang at the 0-dimensional point theoretically meaningful according to the Planck scale?

"The apparent frequency threshold of 5.15 × 10⁴⁰ Hz at the 0-dimensional point is a significant theoretical threshold associated with the Big Bang scenario. This threshold signifies a high rate of oscillation or change within the theoretical framework, potentially representing a fundamental point where theoretical physics postulates a transition or event marking the origin of the universe. It serves as a hypothetical marker or boundary within theoretical discussions about the early universe and the conditions prevailing during the initial stages of the Big Bang.

At this frequency, the energy density or intensity of physical processes might be incredibly high, potentially pointing towards extreme conditions present during the cosmic inflation phase or at the onset of the universe's expansion. The theoretical implications of this threshold are that more advanced theories, such as quantum gravity, are needed to comprehend the physical phenomena occurring at such extreme scales."

This question contemplates the significance of exploring frequencies beyond the Planck threshold, particularly 5.15 × 10⁴⁰ Hz, associated with the 0-dimensional point within a theoretical framework linked to the Big Bang scenario. While the Planck length defines the smallest meaningful measurement of length within our current understanding and perception, the query raises a fundamental consideration about the mathematical or hypothetical significance of probing beyond this threshold.

The discussion questions the notion that the Planck length's limitation might solely stem from our current perceptual constraints beyond the Planck scale. It suggests that while our perception might be limited, mathematical explorations and theoretical frameworks could potentially extend beyond these perceived limitations. Therefore, the inquiry focuses on the theoretical and mathematical implications of investigating frequencies beyond the Planck threshold, questioning whether such explorations hold significance within the realm of theoretical physics and cosmology.

Author's response to the first reply.

Thank you for your response regarding the frequency threshold of 5.15 × 10⁴⁰ Hz associated with the 0-dimensional point in the context of the Planck scale and theoretical physics. I appreciate your engagement on this topic.

Your points raise important considerations, and I'd like to provide a detailed perspective regarding the derivation and theoretical significance of the mentioned frequency within the context of the Big Bang scenario and Planck units.

Frequency's Theoretical Significance:

Your response expressed scepticism about the theoretical meaningfulness of the 5.15 × 10⁴⁰ Hz frequency without providing specific reasoning for its dismissal. The derivation of this frequency involved mathematical equations utilizing fundamental constants, notably Planck Time and Planck Frequency. This process was fundamental in establishing the frequency associated with the 0-dimensional state within the theoretical framework of the early universe.

Understanding Planck Units Beyond Dimensional Analysis:

Your viewpoint suggested that Planck units simply reflect dimensional analysis. However, it's essential to note that Planck units derive from fundamental physical constants such as the speed of light, gravitational constant, reduced Planck constant, and Boltzmann constant. They signify scales where conventional physics might not adequately describe phenomena. Thus, they extend beyond mere dimensional analysis, signifying profound physical implications.

Derivation of 5.15 × 10⁴⁰ Hz Frequency:

The derivation process involved specific equations that relate frequency, time differences, and phase shifts, utilizing constants like Planck Time and Planck Frequency. Through this method, the frequency associated with the 0-dimensional state was calculated to be approximately 5.15 × 10⁴⁰ Hz. This derivation was carried out within the theoretical construct of the Big Bang scenario, signifying a fundamental frequency linked to the early universe.

The derived frequency using the following method:

Utilizing an equation representing the relationship between frequency (f), time difference (Δt), and phase shift T(deg): 

T(deg) = (1/f) × (1/360) 

Incorporating Planck Time (tP) = 5.391247 × 10⁻⁴⁴ seconds and Planck Frequency (fₚₗₐₙₖ) = 1.498 × 10⁴³ Hz into the derivation process.

Solving for the frequency at the 0-dimensional threshold (f₀): f₀ = 1/(Δt × 360); 

Resulting in f₀ ≈ 5.15 × 10⁴⁰ Hz, reflecting the frequency associated with the 0-dimensional state within the provided theoretical framework.

This methodological derivation, grounded in established equations and fundamental constants, signifies the theoretical significance of the derived frequency within the context of the Big Bang scenario and the Planck scale, providing a deeper understanding of the theoretical constructs used to ascertain such frequencies.

In short, the derivation of the 5.15 × 10⁴⁰ Hz frequency involved rigorous mathematical processes and considerations of fundamental constants, establishing its theoretical significance within the context of the early universe and the Planck scale.

Thank you for engaging in this discussion, and I welcome any further insights or discussions on this topic.

Best regards,

Authors response1 to William Bray

<<The idea that Gravitation fails at the Planck scale...>>

The universe began as a singularity, a point with zero volume and infinite density containing all the energy of the universe. Then the big bang occurred, rapidly expanding all that energy with enough ferocity to overpower the inward pull of gravity so we can tell that gravity was present during those early moments,

The concept of Gravitation failing at the Planck scale, as suggested by your counterargument, appears to be invalidated by the well-established understanding of the universe's early moments, particularly the Big Bang.

The Big Bang theory posits the universe's origin as a singularity, which was a point of infinite density and zero volume. This singularity represents a state where the gravitational force was active, and the known laws of physics couldn't be firmly established due to the extreme conditions prevailing at that point.. As the universe rapidly expanded during the Big Bang, it overcame gravitational forces due to an immense outward force, allowing the universe to evolve.

Given that gravity played a role during the universe's initial moments, suggesting its presence and influence at a stage far beyond the Planck scale, challenges the notion of Gravitation failing at that scale. Since the big bang, gravity has countered the force exerted by the inflation, slowing the velocities of the universes' expanding energy.

Therefore, Bray's contention regarding the failure of gravitation at the Planck scale might not hold true when considering the universe's early moments.

Regards,

Authors response2 to Mr. Ahmed M. Elsayed ,

I trust this message finds you well. I wanted to extend my gratitude for your insightful contribution to the discussion on exploring the limits of existence within the universe. Your elucidation of the Planck Length and its significance in theoretical physics was both comprehensive and rational. It provided a profound understanding of the critical role this fundamental scale plays in shaping our comprehension of the universe.

Your discussion on the "Unknown Gap" greatly resonates with my perspective. The mysteries surrounding dark energy and dark matter indeed constitute significant enigmas within our current understanding. Your insight into their potential existence beyond the Planck scale highlights a crucial aspect—that without technological advancements, our ability to observe or measure these phenomena might remain elusive.

The suggestion that the scales for measuring dark energy and dark matter might extend beyond the Planck scale raises the possibility that we may never observe or measure these entities physically, unless substantial technological advancements enable such measurements.

Your emphasis on new physics models, including string theory and the quantum theory of gravity, is encouraging. While these models are pivotal in advancing our comprehension of the universe, it's equally imperative to explore the theoretical landscape pre-Big Bang. Understanding the pre-Big Bang state can significantly enhance our insights into post-Big Bang phenomena, such as the models you mentioned.

I wholeheartedly agree with your view that advancements in technology, scientific research, and interdisciplinary collaboration hold immense promise in expanding our knowledge of the universe's unknown aspects and its existence limits. It's through continuous dedication, exploration, and collaboration that we move closer to unravelling the mysteries that have intrigued humanity for centuries.

Best regards,

Author's reply to Mr. Sergey Shevchenko,

Thank you immensely for your thought-provoking insights into the fundamental structure of the universe and the Planck scale. Your detailed description of the informational physical model offers a unique perspective on the foundational elements underlying the cosmos.

I find your concept of a dense lattice of primary elementary logical structures intriguing. However, I am pondering whether the building blocks of these structures within the lattice might be frequency-based. My understanding aligns with the idea that oscillatory or vibrational frequencies serve as the essence of existence, constituting energy and the fundamental forces of the universe. Therefore, ascertaining whether frequency is the fundamental element within these structures is a pivotal question.

Regarding disturbances within this lattice representing everything in matter, I am eager to delve deeper into this notion. Understanding what these disturbances entail is crucial to grasp how they translate into observable phenomena within the framework of the universe's formation.

Your emphasis on fundamental constants deriving from more foundational Planck constants resonates deeply with the concept of the Planck scale, which acts as a nexus point intertwining gravity, quantum mechanics etc. It's fascinating to consider how these constants are interconnected and contribute to our understanding of the universe.

I agree with your viewpoint on gravity and the notion that particles with a mass equal to the Planck mass might offer a different perspective than the conventional idea of "black holes" as distortions in spacetime. The concept of mass and its correlation to spacetime distortions needs further exploration, and your perspective sheds light on alternative interpretations.

Your informational conception presents a compelling framework, and I am eager to explore its implications further. Your contributions undoubtedly open new avenues for understanding the universe's intricacies and its fundamental elements.

Warm regards,

Unravelling the Cosmic Genesis: The Significance of a 5.16 × 10⁴⁰ Hz Frequency Threshold at the Birth of the Universe:

Soumendra Nath Thakur

ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803

postmasterenator@gmail.com

Tagore's Electronic Lab, India.

27th December 2023

_______________________

Abstract:

The quest to understand the origins of the universe leads to an exploration of a critical juncture, encapsulated by a 5.16 × 10⁴⁰ Hz frequency threshold. This theoretical marker, set at the hypothetical birth of the cosmos, symbolizes an epochal moment, marking extreme energy conditions and the onset of cosmic evolution. Examining the significance of this threshold within the context of the Big Bang model unravels theoretical frameworks, showcasing the speculative boundary between conventional physics and the profound mysteries of the universe's earliest moments. This abstract delves into the theoretical implications, speculative limits, and potential avenues it offers for conceptualizing the birth of the cosmos, offering a glimpse into the intricate fabric of the cosmic genesis.

Reaching a frequency of 5.16 × 10⁴⁰ Hz at the 0-dimensional point implies a significant theoretical threshold associated with the Big Bang scenario. Describing this threshold involves considering the implications within the context of theoretical frameworks and the fundamental concepts of the Big Bang cosmological model.

Significance of the Frequency Threshold:

The frequency reaching 5.16 × 10⁴⁰ Hz signifies an immensely high rate of oscillation or change within this theoretical framework.

In the context of the Big Bang model, this frequency threshold might symbolize a fundamental point or moment where theoretical physics postulates a transition or event marking the origin of the universe.

Connection to Big Bang Cosmology:

The frequency threshold serves as a hypothetical marker or boundary within theoretical discussions about the early universe and the conditions prevailing during the initial stages of the Big Bang.

It could signify a moment where physical laws, as we currently understand them, might not hold due to extreme energy conditions or singularities associated with the universe's origin.

Extreme Energy Conditions:

At this frequency, the energy density or the intensity of physical processes might be incredibly high, potentially pointing towards extreme conditions present during the cosmic inflation phase or at the very onset of the universe's expansion.

Theoretical Implications:

The value represents a theoretical boundary within the framework of speculative physics, implying the need for more advanced theories, such as quantum gravity, to comprehend the physical phenomena occurring at such extreme scales.

Limitations and Speculation:

It's essential to note that these theoretical thresholds are highly speculative and might not have direct empirical verification or experimental evidence due to the difficulty of observing conditions at the universe's birth or the Planck scale.

Deeper Understanding of Origin:

Describing this threshold aids in conceptualizing and discussing the earliest moments of the universe's existence and the hypothetical conditions prevailing at the time of the Big Bang, providing a conceptual framework for exploring the origin of the cosmos.

In summary, the frequency threshold of 5.16 × 10⁴⁰ Hz represents a theoretical marker within the context of the Big Bang model, indicating a speculative boundary associated with extreme energy conditions and the universe's earliest moments, serving as a point of interest for theoretical cosmology and fundamental physics.

The value 1.498×10⁻⁴⁶ seconds is very relevant to Planck scale:

Soumendra Nath Thakur

ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803

postmasterenator@gmail.com

Tagore's Electronic Lab, India.

27th December 2023

While the value 1.498×10⁻⁴⁶ seconds might appear exceptionally small and theoretical, it's important to highlight that this value is derived as a fraction or part within the context of the empirical or theoretical framework concerning the Planck scale.

The derivation of such fractional values within the Planck scale often emerges through rigorous mathematical and theoretical considerations based on the fundamental constants of nature, such as Planck's constant, the speed of light, and gravitational constants. These derivations are firmly grounded in the foundational principles of physics and aren't purely speculative in the sense of being arbitrarily defined or assumed without any empirical or theoretical basis.

Such fractional values within the Planck scale arise from the intricate interplay of fundamental physical constants and theoretical frameworks like quantum mechanics, general relativity, and attempts to unify these theories at the most fundamental level, typically within the domain of quantum gravity.

Therefore, these values might seem incredibly small and challenging to directly observe or validate experimentally, but they are derived as logical consequences within the well-established theoretical framework governing the behaviour of the universe at its most fundamental scales.