Planck's Groundbreaking Discovery: The Quantization of Frequencies and Energies into Planck's Constant.

Max Planck's ground breaking work in the late 19th and early 20th centuries propelled the development of quantum theory and the establishment of Planck's constant (commonly represented as h) as a fundamental cornerstone in physics. It's crucial to note that Planck's revelation concerning Planck's constant did not stem merely from experimental endeavours. Instead, it emerged from a fusion of his theoretical insights and attempts to elucidate experimental observations.

Planck delved into investigating the enigma of black-body radiation, which denotes the electromagnetic radiation emitted by an ideal absorber or emitter of radiation. His objective was to fathom and explicate the observed spectrum of radiation emitted by objects at varying temperatures.

Initially, Planck approached this conundrum from a theoretical standpoint, endeavouring to reconcile observed experimental data using assumptions grounded in classical physics. However, he encountered a critical hurdle known as the "ultraviolet catastrophe." Classical physics predicted an infinite increase in radiation intensity at shorter wavelengths, contrary to experimental findings.

In response, Planck made a profound theoretical leap by introducing the notion that energy is not continuously emitted or absorbed, as posited by classical physics, but rather in discrete units or quanta. He postulated that the energy of these quanta is directly proportional to the frequency of the radiation, with Planck's constant (h) emerging as the constant of proportionality.

This revolutionary hypothesis led Planck to formulate an equation accurately describing the observed black-body radiation spectrum. Planck's constant emerged as a critical factor in this equation, demonstrating that electromagnetic radiation's energy is quantized and exists solely in multiples of this constant multiplied by the radiation's frequency.

Planck's insights sparked a paradigm shift in physics, laying the groundwork for quantum mechanics and culminating in his receipt of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. His discovery of Planck's constant remains a foundational pillar in modern physics, profoundly impacting our comprehension of matter and energy behaviour at the quantum level.

Max Planck's momentous contribution to physics emerged in 1900 when he proposed his quantum theory, challenging the prevailing classical physics by suggesting that energy is emitted or absorbed in discrete units or "quanta" instead of continuously.

Planck introduced the concept that electromagnetic energy, such as light, is emitted or absorbed in discrete packets or multiples of a fundamental unit known as "quanta" or "quantum" (singular). This theory laid the groundwork for quantum mechanics and gave birth to the concept of Planck's constant (denoted as h), a fundamental constant in nature.

In simpler terms, Planck's constant signifies the minimum energy carried by a single quantum of electromagnetic radiation. This constant establishes a threshold for energy levels and frequencies, signifying that all emitted or absorbed energy exists in multiples of this fundamental value.

For example, according to Planck's theory, one could emit light at 10,000 quanta of energy or at 10,001 quanta but not at a fractional value like 10,000.5 quanta. Energy levels are quantized and cannot exist between whole numbers of quanta.

This discovery revolutionized our comprehension of light and energy behaviour, paving the way for quantum mechanics and significantly contributing to technological advancements like semiconductor technology, lasers, and various other applications in modern physics.

Planck units

Planck units represent physical constants which are theoretical limits at the quantum level, which is the fabric of reality manipulated by Type Omega-minus. Quantum fluctuations exceeding these limits could break down the fabric of spacetime and reality and create rifts into other realms or dimensions.

At Planck scales, the strength of gravity becomes comparable with the other forces, and the fundamental forces are unified. String theory was the early approach to realize the Theory of Everything.

The scale was created by Max Planck in 1906, constructed solely out of the three fundamental constants:

Speed of light	c = 299792458 ms-1
Gravitational constant	G = 6.673(10) x 10-11 m3 kg-1 s-2
Plank’s constant	= h/2π = 1.054571596(82) x 10-34 kg m2 s-1

Unit	Scale	Comment
Planck length	1.616 x 10−35 m	If a particle or dot about 0.1 mm in size (the diameter of human hair) were magnified in size to be as large as the universe, then inside that universe-sized dot, the Planck length would be roughly the size of an 0.1 mm dot. In other words, it would take more Planck lengths to span a grain of sand than it would take grains of sand to span the observable universe.
Planck mass	2.176 x 10−8 kg	An object of such mass would be a quantum black hole created at Planck time, with a Schwarzschild diameter of Planck length. This paper attempts to explain why the Planck mass is so large compared to other fundamental particles. Each time the indivisible particles that make an electron (for example) have travelled the reduced Compton wavelength of the electron, they counter-strike. The electron is therefore in a mass state only a fraction of the time. This is why the Planck mass can be so enormous compared to the electron rest-mass and still make up the electron as well as any other subatomic particle. The number of uncertain transitions between mass and energy for an electron is 7.76 x 1020 times per second. An electron is only 9.109 x 10-31 kg, or 2.389x1022 particles per Planck mass.

Planck time	5.391 x 10−44 s	In the Big Bang, the Planck epoch or Planck era is the earliest stage before the time passed  was approximately 10−43 seconds.
Planck temperature	1.417 x 1032 K (kelvin)	It's a billion billion times the highest natural temperatures in the current universe, found in gamma-ray bursts and quasars. This is absolute hot, conceived as an opposite to absolute zero. Everything 5×10−44 seconds after the Big Bang. Kugelblitzes.
Planck area	10−70 m2	Planck length squared. According to the Bekenstein bound, the entropy of a black hole is proportional to the number of Planck areas that it would take to cover the black hole's event horizon.
Planck volume	10−105 m3	Planck length cubed. A quantum black hole is contained within a Planck volume. There are about 10186 Planck volumes in the universe.
Planck energy	109 J (joules)	A quantum black hole must have Planck mass and Planck energy such that its escape velocity exceeds the speed of light.
Planck energy density	10-29 g/cm3	Analogous to Planck's law which describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body.
Planck charge	10−18 C (coulombs)	The electric potential energy of one Planck charge on the surface of a sphere that is one Planck length in diameter is one Planck energy,
Planck force	1044 N (newtons)	The amount of force required to accelerate one Planck mass by one Planck acceleration
Planck density	1096 kg/m3	Equivalent to the mass of the universe packed into the volume of a single atomic nucleus.
Planck pressure	10113 Pa (pascals)	Equal to one Planck force in one Planck area. It is the gravitational force of attraction between two equal sized universes all concentrated on one fourth of Planck Area.
Planck acceleration	1051 m/s2	The acceleration due to gravity at the surface of a Planck mass or quantum black hole.
Planck frequency	1043 /s	Upper bound for the frequency (vibrations per second) of an electromagnetic wave.