Understanding Gravitational and Cosmic Redshifts:

Implications for the Expanding Universe

Abstract:

This report explores the intricate concepts of gravitational and cosmic redshifts and their profound implications for our understanding of the dynamic universe. It begins with a fundamental overview of the universe's composition, highlighting the dominance of non-interactive dark matter and dark energy over interactive baryonic matter. The cosmic tug of war between gravity and dark energy, illustrated by the concept of zero-gravity spheres, serves as a central theme.

The report establishes the cosmic tug of war as a dynamic interplay between gravity, which seeks to pull galaxies together, and dark energy, which exerts antigravitational forces, pushing galaxies apart. This cosmic tug of war extends beyond individual galaxies, affecting the universe's expansion or contraction. Dark energy's persistent victory in this tug of war challenges the static universe hypothesis and raises questions about the universe's evolving nature.

The structure of regular galaxy clusters is dissected, incorporating matter mass (Mᴍ), dark-energy effective mass (Mᴅᴇ), and gravitating mass (Mᴳ). Dark energy, characterized by its stronger antigravity than matter gravity, accelerates the cosmological expansion, making its presence evident on both global and local scales. The effective gravitating density of dark energy, which is negative, is a key contributor to antigravity. The report highlights the role of gravity within distances R < Rzᴳ, where antigravity becomes dominant beyond this threshold. It emphasizes that a gravitationally bound system, represented by mass Mᴍ, can only exist within its zero-gravity sphere of radius Rzᴳ.

The report delves into the concept of "light travel distance" and "proper distance" to provide clarity on how redshift phenomena manifest. Gravitational redshift, arising from the influence of gravity on photon wavelengths, occurs within the gravitational influence of massive objects, such as stars or galaxies. However, gravitational redshift is confined to regions within a gravitationally bound galaxy, up to the zero-gravity sphere's edge, where antigravity's influence is negligible.

Within the zero-gravity sphere, photons emitted from stars retain their constant speed 'c,' experiencing only gravitational redshift. The report emphasizes that gravitational redshift continues within the zero-gravity sphere until the observed distance (r) equals the sphere's radius, at which point it ceases due to the absence of gravitational influence.

However, as photons exit the zero-gravity sphere, equivalent to the distance (r) from the center of a gravitationally bound galaxy, they encounter cosmic redshift, quantified as {(λobserved - λemitted)/ λemitted}. Cosmic redshift emerges as a partner to gravitational redshift, marking the transition from regions dominated by gravity to those influenced by dark energy's antigravity.

The report underscores that the effective redshift experienced by a photon results from the combination of gravitational and cosmic redshifts. Importantly, it reveals that effective cosmic redshift surpasses gravitational redshift, leading to the perception that photons cover a greater "light-traveled distance" than their proper distance from their source. This concept challenges conventional notions of the speed of light and invites deeper exploration of cosmic dynamics.

In conclusion, this report provides a comprehensive analysis of the intricate interplay between gravitational and cosmic redshifts, shedding light on the evolving nature of the universe. It highlights the cosmic tug of war between gravity and dark energy, underscores the role of zero-gravity spheres, and demonstrates how cosmic redshift leads to the perception of a greater light-traveled distance. These findings offer valuable insights into the universe's dynamics and pave the way for further research into the fundamental principles of cosmology.

Insights into Distances in Cosmology:

From Light Travel Distance to Luminosity Distance

Abstract:

This comprehensive report delves into the intricacies of distances in cosmology, providing a detailed understanding of various distance metrics and their significance in unraveling the mysteries of the universe. It builds upon the foundation established in the report titled 'Understanding Gravitational and Cosmic Redshifts: Implications for the Expanding Universe' by incorporating additional concepts related to distances and redshift.

The report begins by introducing the concept of "light travel distance," emphasizing that it represents the distance light traverses in free space within a given time frame. This distance metric plays a pivotal role in cosmology, serving as a fundamental unit for understanding the propagation of light in the cosmos. It is influenced by redshift, which alters the wavelengths of photons, ultimately impacting the observed distance.

The 'proper distance' is a critical concept in cosmology, defining the distance between an observer and a source at a specific time 't.' This distance is dynamic and evolves over time due to the universe's expansion. It serves as a measure of the separation between celestial objects, such as galaxies, at the time 't.' The report underscores that the expansion of the universe is a key factor contributing to the change in proper distance between objects.

'Comoving distance' is introduced as a constant measure of the distance between the universe's expansion and its proper distance. Despite the dynamic nature of proper distance due to the universe's expansion, comoving distance remains unaltered. This concept facilitates a stable reference point for cosmological calculations, enabling researchers to account for the effects of cosmic expansion.

The report also explores the notion of 'Luminosity Distance,' a distance metric dependent on cosmological factors. It is defined as the distance at which the observed flux 'f' is from a celestial object. Luminosity Distance is influenced by redshift, which causes the redshifted wavelengths 'λ(obs)' compared to the emitted wavelengths 'λ(emit).' Additionally, scale factors 'a0' and 'ae' are introduced, representing the universe's expansion at different cosmic times.

By combining the concepts of light travel distance, proper distance, comoving distance, and luminosity distance, this report provides a comprehensive framework for understanding how distances are measured and interpreted in the context of an expanding universe. It builds upon the insights gained from the previous report on gravitational and cosmic redshifts, emphasizing the interplay between redshift, distance metrics, and the dynamics of the cosmos.

In conclusion, this report offers a deep dive into the world of distances in cosmology, shedding light on the intricacies of light propagation, cosmic expansion, and observational measurements. It serves as a valuable companion to the earlier report, 'Understanding Gravitational and Cosmic Redshifts: Implications for the Expanding Universe,' providing a holistic perspective on the fundamental concepts that underpin our exploration of the universe's vast mysteries.

Light travel distance, proper distance, comoving distance and luminosity distance:

Light travel distance is the distance light travels in free space in a given time, influenced by redshift, and is calculated as ‘light travel time’.

The proper distance refers to the distance between an observer and a source at a specific time t, which can change over time due to the expansion of the universe. It represents the distance between two galaxies at that time (t), which can also change due to the universe's expansion.

Comoving distance, a measure of the constant distance between the universe's expansion and its proper distance, remains constant despite changes in proper distance due to the expansion of space.

The Luminosity Distance depends on cosmology and it is defined as the distance at which the observed flux f is from an object. The Photon Energy gets red shifted. Where λ(obs), λ(emit) are observed and emitted wave lengths and a0,ae are corresponding scale factors.

#LightTravelDistance #ProperDistance #ComovingDistance #LuminosityDistance

Summary: Cosmic Speed Beyond Light:

Gravitational and Cosmic Redshift

Cosmic Speed Beyond Light: Gravitational and Cosmic Redshift explores the complex relationship between gravitational and cosmic redshift phenomena, shedding light on how light behaves as it traverses the cosmos. This groundbreaking research unveils profound insights into the perceived speed of light across the universe.

Abstract:

The study commences by examining gravitational redshift, a well-established concept rooted in Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. Gravitational redshift occurs as photons move away from massive gravitational sources, such as stars within galaxies. Gravitational redshift, expressed as (λ/λ0), operates within the gravitational influence and extends to the boundary of the "zero-gravity sphere" enveloping galaxies.

Within this intriguing zero-gravity sphere, gravitational effects persist, while the antigravity influence of dark energy remains negligible. Consequently, gravitational redshift dominates, and cosmic redshift is absent. Photons within this sphere maintain their constant speed 'c' and undergo gravitational redshift exclusively.

However, as photons exit the zero-gravity sphere at a distance 'r' equivalent to the source star's radius, they encounter the onset of cosmic redshift, quantified as {(λobserved - λemitted)/ λemitted}. Cosmic redshift combines with gravitational redshift, forming the effective redshift of the photon. Notably, the effective cosmic redshift surpasses gravitational redshift, revealing that photons traverse a greater "light-traveled distance" than their proper distance from the source.

In essence, cosmic redshift signifies that photons move across their intended distances at their intrinsic speed ('c'), while the expanding universe introduces relative distance expansion, influenced by antigravity. This research delves into the intricate dance between gravitational and cosmic redshift, illuminating their implications for our comprehension of the expanding universe.

Introduction:

The cosmos is a tapestry woven with space, time, and light, captivating astronomers and physicists throughout history. Gravitational and cosmic redshift phenomena are central to our understanding of the universe. Gravitational redshift, based on general relativity, occurs near massive objects, while cosmic redshift arises from the universe's expansion. This research explores their interplay and consequences for the speed of light perception.

Method:

A combination of theoretical foundations, astrophysical observations, and mathematical modeling forms the research methodology. General relativity serves as the theoretical cornerstone, with a focus on the "zero-gravity sphere," where gravitational effects persist. Astrophysical observations provide empirical data, and mathematical models quantify redshift phenomena.

Discussion:

Gravitational redshift occurs when photons escape strong gravitational fields, stretching their wavelengths. Cosmic redshift results from the universe's expansion, impacting all cosmic regions. The zero-gravity sphere marks a transition zone, where gravitational redshift dominates but yields to cosmic redshift beyond. The effective cosmic redshift suggests that light traverses greater distances than expected due to cosmic expansion.

Implications and Future Research:

This research opens avenues for exploring dark energy, the universe's structure, and cosmological principles. Precise measurements, simulations, and deeper investigations into cosmic speed promise to advance our understanding of the cosmos.

Conclusion:

Cosmic Speed Beyond Light: Gravitational and Cosmic Redshift provides profound insights into the interplay of gravitational and cosmic redshift, challenging our notions of light speed and cosmic dynamics. It invites us to rethink our cosmic paradigms and offers fresh perspectives on the fabric of the universe.

References:

Antigravity - Dark energy: zero-gravity sphere enveloping galaxies:

Chernin, A. D., Бисноватый-коган, Teerikorpi, P., Valtonen, M. J., Byrd, G. G., & Merafina, M. (2013, May 1). Dark energy and the structure of the Coma cluster of galaxies. Astronomy and Astrophysics; EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201220781

Gravitational Redshift:

Einstein, A. (1911). "On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light." Annalen der Physik, 35(10), 898-908.

Pound, R. V., & Rebka, G. A. (1959). "Gravitational Red-Shift in Nuclear Resonance." Physical Review Letters, 3(9), 439-441.

Peebles, P. J. E., & Ratra, B. (2003). "The cosmological constant and dark energy." Reviews of Modern Physics, 75(2), 559-606.

Cosmic Redshift:

Hubble, E. P. (1929). "A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 15(3), 168-173.

Riess, A. G., et al. (1998). "Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant." The Astronomical Journal, 116(3), 1009-1038.

Planck Collaboration, et al. (2018). "Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters." Astronomy & Astrophysics, 641, A6.

Do a hot object have low energy or high energy?

When the temperature of an object increases, the average kinetic energy of its particles increases. When the average kinetic energy of its particles increases, the object's thermal energy increases. Therefore, the thermal energy of an object increases as its temperature increases.

The temperature of an object increases, means that the average kinetic energy of its particles has increased. This increase in kinetic energy corresponds to an increase in thermal energy. Thermal energy is the energy associated with the motion of particles within a substance.

The formula Q = m * c * ΔT, is used to calculate the thermal energy (heat) transferred to or from an object when its temperature changes. Here's a breakdown of the variables in the formula:

Q represents the amount of heat energy transferred (measured in joules).

m is the mass of the substance (measured in kilograms).

c is the specific heat capacity of the substance (measured in joules per kilogram per degree Celsius or joules per gram per degree Celsius, depending on the units used).

ΔT is the change in temperature (measured in degrees Celsius or Kelvin).

By using this formula, one can calculate how much heat energy is gained or lost by an object when its temperature changes. It's a fundamental concept in thermodynamics and is widely used in various fields of science and engineering to understand and control heat transfer processes.