Understanding Gravitational and Cosmic Redshifts:

Implications for the Expanding Universe

Abstract:

This report explores the intricate concepts of gravitational and cosmic redshifts and their profound implications for our understanding of the dynamic universe. It begins with a fundamental overview of the universe's composition, highlighting the dominance of non-interactive dark matter and dark energy over interactive baryonic matter. The cosmic tug of war between gravity and dark energy, illustrated by the concept of zero-gravity spheres, serves as a central theme.

The report establishes the cosmic tug of war as a dynamic interplay between gravity, which seeks to pull galaxies together, and dark energy, which exerts antigravitational forces, pushing galaxies apart. This cosmic tug of war extends beyond individual galaxies, affecting the universe's expansion or contraction. Dark energy's persistent victory in this tug of war challenges the static universe hypothesis and raises questions about the universe's evolving nature.

The structure of regular galaxy clusters is dissected, incorporating matter mass (Mᴍ), dark-energy effective mass (Mᴅᴇ), and gravitating mass (Mᴳ). Dark energy, characterized by its stronger antigravity than matter gravity, accelerates the cosmological expansion, making its presence evident on both global and local scales. The effective gravitating density of dark energy, which is negative, is a key contributor to antigravity. The report highlights the role of gravity within distances R < Rzᴳ, where antigravity becomes dominant beyond this threshold. It emphasizes that a gravitationally bound system, represented by mass Mᴍ, can only exist within its zero-gravity sphere of radius Rzᴳ.

The report delves into the concept of "light travel distance" and "proper distance" to provide clarity on how redshift phenomena manifest. Gravitational redshift, arising from the influence of gravity on photon wavelengths, occurs within the gravitational influence of massive objects, such as stars or galaxies. However, gravitational redshift is confined to regions within a gravitationally bound galaxy, up to the zero-gravity sphere's edge, where antigravity's influence is negligible.

Within the zero-gravity sphere, photons emitted from stars retain their constant speed 'c,' experiencing only gravitational redshift. The report emphasizes that gravitational redshift continues within the zero-gravity sphere until the observed distance (r) equals the sphere's radius, at which point it ceases due to the absence of gravitational influence.

However, as photons exit the zero-gravity sphere, equivalent to the distance (r) from the center of a gravitationally bound galaxy, they encounter cosmic redshift, quantified as {(λobserved - λemitted)/ λemitted}. Cosmic redshift emerges as a partner to gravitational redshift, marking the transition from regions dominated by gravity to those influenced by dark energy's antigravity.

The report underscores that the effective redshift experienced by a photon results from the combination of gravitational and cosmic redshifts. Importantly, it reveals that effective cosmic redshift surpasses gravitational redshift, leading to the perception that photons cover a greater "light-traveled distance" than their proper distance from their source. This concept challenges conventional notions of the speed of light and invites deeper exploration of cosmic dynamics.

In conclusion, this report provides a comprehensive analysis of the intricate interplay between gravitational and cosmic redshifts, shedding light on the evolving nature of the universe. It highlights the cosmic tug of war between gravity and dark energy, underscores the role of zero-gravity spheres, and demonstrates how cosmic redshift leads to the perception of a greater light-traveled distance. These findings offer valuable insights into the universe's dynamics and pave the way for further research into the fundamental principles of cosmology.