Ancient light from galaxies and their relative distances:

Galaxies at the edge of the visible universe are definitely moving away from you much faster than the speed of light because they are about 46.5 billion light years away. But the galaxies you can see from the past, whose motion is more relevant to your relative speed, can be at most <13.8 billion light years away.

The galaxy you see from the past, as stated above, has now changed from its "light travel distance" to its "proper distance," but you cannot see the galaxy at its proper distance.

It's reasonable to think that you're moving away much faster than the galaxy you see from the past. That's why light from galaxies has been red-shifted in the past.

Likewise, galaxies at the edge of the visible universe passed you by at the beginning of the universe, and you see them moving away from you faster than light, so the light from those galaxies is also red-shifted.

Hubble's observations show that the red-shift of galaxies is directly proportional to the galaxy's distance from Earth. This means that objects farther away from Earth are moving away faster (relative to you).

It's logical to think that, since the universe expanded rapidly for a fraction of a second at the beginning. So if the galaxies you're talking about are close to you, they should be in the first seconds of the universe's beginning, not even in the distant past. Early galaxies reached their adolescence about 1 to 2 billion years after the Big Bang event.

And no, distant galaxies should never appear to you because you're moving away from them. Some of the gravitationally bound local galaxies may reach you, but not nearly all galaxies in the universe.

The speed of light in vacuum is always constant so light can never reach you faster or slower than its constant speed, only the expansion of space pushes everything else away from us.

#galaxy #lighttravelleddistance #properdistance #Redshift #hubble #distance

Effect of gravity on matter: An approach with the piezoelectric crystal.

Gravity exerts a mechanical force on any object that deforms the object and pushes on the surrounding atoms. Using gravity, energy is obtained by the so-called piezo method, which converts mechanical stress into electrical energy. Piezoelectric gravity devices can generate energy anywhere.

When mechanical stress is applied to a piezoelectric crystal, the structure of the crystal is deformed, the atoms push around and the crystal conducts an electric current. It occurs when motion or mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy due to crystal deformation. Piezoelectric materials are materials that can generate electricity due to mechanical stress. The mechanical stress of a piezoelectric crystal is greatest in the ground state.

In the case of a gravitational potential difference, there is less gravitational stress on a piezoelectric crystal, which correspondingly reverses the deformation of the structure, thereby pushing the atoms around, causing the crystal to conduct less electric current than in the ground state.

Conclusion:

The gravitational potential difference causes a corresponding distortion in the oscillator structure and the corresponding distortion results in a loss of oscillator's wave energy.

Note: 

The SI unit of the International System of Units is defined as the time interval equal to 9192631770 vibrations of the ground state cesium-133 atom, represented as s or seconds.

Citation: Thakur¹, S.N. and Bhattacharjee, P.S.D., 2023. Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12631.96161

• Abstract of the paper ... 

#gravity #piezoelectriccrystal #mechanicalstress #electricalenergy

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About space, time and entity:

My scientific analysis, observations and experiments on space, time and entities indicates, independent of motions, only gravity is responsible for "entity distortion" and there is no time dilation or transformation but corresponding distortion. Such distortions only applying within gravity bound space. A space inhabited dark energy is free from distortion, but expansion applies.

This above statement implies that so-called time dilation or Lorentz (time) transformation, although incorrect, has no application in dark energy-dominated space, but expansions.

#space #time #entity #gravity #antigravity

The Lorentz transformation is not the change in mass but the relativistic error:

The Lorentz transformation, considered formative for the theory of special relativity, was invented by Voigt in 1887, adopted by Lorentz in 1904, and baptized by Poincare in 1906. Einstein probably picked it up directly from Voigt.

Lorentz transformation is known as the relation between two different coordinate frames that move at a constant velocity and are relative to each other. There are two frames of reference, which are inertial frames - motion with a constant velocity.

However, the Lorentz transformation (𝑡/√(1− 𝑣²/𝑐²)) is not a change in mass but rather a relativistic error. Lorentz transformation cannot be a mass transformation for the following reasons.

As we know, the amount of energy (E) carried by a wave is proportional to its frequency (f) and inversely proportional to its wavelength (λ), in case of electromagnetic wave velocity v=c (electromagnetic wave speed).

That is, E∝f∝1/λ ...... (1)

Time interval for 1° phase is inversely proportional to frequency (f), time t(deg) corresponding to 1° of phase,

For example, t(deg)=1/(360f)=T/360 ..... (2)

Derived from the wave equation f=v/λ=1/T, we find that the wavelength (λ) of a wave is directly proportional to the period (T), for electromagnetic waves v=c.

That is, λ∝T ........... (3)

Therefore,

From equation no......(1), when frequency f=5 MHz, wavelength λ=59.95 m (approx.)

Experiments carried out in electronic laboratories on piezoelectric crystal oscillators show that the wave corresponds to a time shift (time delay Δt) due to relativistic effects. And for a 1° phase shift of the 59.95 m wave, the time delay (Δt) is 555 ps. And the ground state frequency of a cesium-133 atom is 9192631770 Hz.

Since, from equation no......(2), a 1° phase shift in a 5 MHz signal corresponds to a time shift of 555 picoseconds.

And from equation no......(3), λ∝T.  {T=t(deg)*360}

• However, a 1° phase shift of a 59.95 m wave ∝ time delay (Δt) is 555 ps.

• 360° phase shift of a 9192631770 Hz wave ∝ time delay (Δt) 0.0000001087827757077666 ms (approx).

• A 9192631770 Hz wave has a 1455.50003025° phase shift ∝ time delay (Δt) of 0.0000004398148148148148 ms (approx).

Here the waves correspond to time variation (time delay Δt) due to the relativistic effect of the relation λ∝T.  {T=t(deg)*360}

Therefore, the loss of wave energy results in a phase shift of frequencies due to wavelength distortion; those are consistent with time distortions in the form of time delays due to relativistic effects, so this proves that there is no mass transformation, and that the Lorentz transformation is not a mass transformation but a relativistic error.

#lorentztransformation 

SI Unit of time, Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies, and, so called, Time Dilation:

The International System of Unit's SI unit of time is defined as the time interval equal to 9192631770 vibrations of the ground state cesium-133 atom, represented as s or seconds.

The definition of SI unit of time clearly implies that the correction or adjustment is made regardless of the time distortions due to environmental or gravitational or other effects at hill stations or highlands.

Therefore, vibrations of the ground state cesium-133 atom is internationally recognized as the International System of Units (SI unit of time).

Accordingly I feel pleasure that my paper titled, "Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II" commensurates to the definition of The International System of Units that the time interval corresponds to vibrations or frequency. 

As my paper describes, "Relative time emerges from relative frequencies. It is the phase shift in relative frequencies due to infinitesimal loss in wave energy and corresponding enlargement in the wavelengths of oscillations; which occur in any clock between relative locations due to the relativistic effects or difference in gravitational potential; result error in the reading of clock time; which is wrongly presented as time dilation."

Reference paper: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12631.96161

#phaseshift #relativisticeffects #wavelengthdilation #eventtime