The Lorentz transformation is not the change in mass but the relativistic error:

The Lorentz transformation, considered formative for the theory of special relativity, was invented by Voigt in 1887, adopted by Lorentz in 1904, and baptized by Poincare in 1906. Einstein probably picked it up directly from Voigt.

Lorentz transformation is known as the relation between two different coordinate frames that move at a constant velocity and are relative to each other. There are two frames of reference, which are inertial frames - motion with a constant velocity.

However, the Lorentz transformation (𝑡/√(1− 𝑣²/𝑐²)) is not a change in mass but rather a relativistic error. Lorentz transformation cannot be a mass transformation for the following reasons.

As we know, the amount of energy (E) carried by a wave is proportional to its frequency (f) and inversely proportional to its wavelength (λ), in case of electromagnetic wave velocity v=c (electromagnetic wave speed).

That is, E∝f∝1/λ ...... (1)

Time interval for 1° phase is inversely proportional to frequency (f), time t(deg) corresponding to 1° of phase,

For example, t(deg)=1/(360f)=T/360 ..... (2)

Derived from the wave equation f=v/λ=1/T, we find that the wavelength (λ) of a wave is directly proportional to the period (T), for electromagnetic waves v=c.

That is, λ∝T ........... (3)

Therefore,

From equation no......(1), when frequency f=5 MHz, wavelength λ=59.95 m (approx.)

Experiments carried out in electronic laboratories on piezoelectric crystal oscillators show that the wave corresponds to a time shift (time delay Δt) due to relativistic effects. And for a 1° phase shift of the 59.95 m wave, the time delay (Δt) is 555 ps. And the ground state frequency of a cesium-133 atom is 9192631770 Hz.

Since, from equation no......(2), a 1° phase shift in a 5 MHz signal corresponds to a time shift of 555 picoseconds.

And from equation no......(3), λ∝T.  {T=t(deg)*360}

• However, a 1° phase shift of a 59.95 m wave ∝ time delay (Δt) is 555 ps.

• 360° phase shift of a 9192631770 Hz wave ∝ time delay (Δt) 0.0000001087827757077666 ms (approx).

• A 9192631770 Hz wave has a 1455.50003025° phase shift ∝ time delay (Δt) of 0.0000004398148148148148 ms (approx).

Here the waves correspond to time variation (time delay Δt) due to the relativistic effect of the relation λ∝T.  {T=t(deg)*360}

Therefore, the loss of wave energy results in a phase shift of frequencies due to wavelength distortion; those are consistent with time distortions in the form of time delays due to relativistic effects, so this proves that there is no mass transformation, and that the Lorentz transformation is not a mass transformation but a relativistic error.

#lorentztransformation 

SI Unit of time, Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies, and, so called, Time Dilation:

The International System of Unit's SI unit of time is defined as the time interval equal to 9192631770 vibrations of the ground state cesium-133 atom, represented as s or seconds.

The definition of SI unit of time clearly implies that the correction or adjustment is made regardless of the time distortions due to environmental or gravitational or other effects at hill stations or highlands.

Therefore, vibrations of the ground state cesium-133 atom is internationally recognized as the International System of Units (SI unit of time).

Accordingly I feel pleasure that my paper titled, "Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II" commensurates to the definition of The International System of Units that the time interval corresponds to vibrations or frequency. 

As my paper describes, "Relative time emerges from relative frequencies. It is the phase shift in relative frequencies due to infinitesimal loss in wave energy and corresponding enlargement in the wavelengths of oscillations; which occur in any clock between relative locations due to the relativistic effects or difference in gravitational potential; result error in the reading of clock time; which is wrongly presented as time dilation."

Reference paper: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12631.96161

#phaseshift #relativisticeffects #wavelengthdilation #eventtime

Regarding Cosmic and Artificial Signals:

The speed of electromagnetic waves is the limit of our perceptible speed. Planck units define its threshold.

Whereas gamma rays are the strongest waves and the fastest oscillating.

Information is radiated naturally, as well as communicated artificially. Nature participates the most in information radiation. Natural messages, which we receive, are not modulated signals.

Natural information dissemination occurs in three known ways. The cosmic signals we receive are either electromagnetic waves, or cosmic waves or gravitational waves. We know of no other signal.

Signal allocation in telecommunications using artificial electromagnetic waves was standardized by the former Consultative Committee on International Radio (CCIR). It has now been renamed. For example, television communication systems use signals between 30 MHz and 300 MHz.

#signal #wave #telecommunications #cosmic 

The only consequences of redshift, wavelength dilation and, so called, time dilation, is the phase shift of respective frequencies.

There are three known types of redshifts, - Doppler redshift, gravitational redshift and cosmological redshift.

The corresponding formulas for this redshift are –

•  Z = {λ(obs)-λ(rest)}/λ(rest) ;
•  Z = Δλ/λ₀ and also
•  Z = Δλ/λ₀,

Where,

•  Z denotes the redshift factor which represents the fractional change   in wavelength;
•  λ(obs) represents the observed wavelength of light;
•  λ(rest) represents the rest wavelength of light;
•  Δλ is the change in wavelength of light as observed;
•  λ₀ is the wavelength at the source

We know that gravity interacts with matter and energy. However infinitely small, gravity also interacts with electromagnetism. We also know that the rest energy of matter is affected by gravity; Mechanical stress causes deformation (strain) of matter due to gravitational force. Gravitational forces cause changes in the electromagnetic field of piezoelectric crystals. Electromagnetic fields carry energy, momentum and stresses. A photon expends energy to leave the gravitational well. Gravitational lensing bends the path of light under the influence of gravity.

We also know, the wavelength (λ) of a wave is directly proportional to the time period (T) of the wave (λ∝T), and energy of the wave (E) is directly proportional to the frequency of the wave (E∝f). The time interval for 1° of phase is inversely proportional to the frequency (f). If the frequency of a signal is given by f, then the time t (deg), in seconds, corresponding to 1° of phase is t (deg)  = 1/(360f) = t/360.

The following wave figure-1 represents the corresponding change in frequency energy due to the phase shift of the wave, corresponding to respective wavelength distortions of oscillation.

Fig.-1

The term Red shift can be understood as the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave (light) is stretched or enlarged, so the light is seen as 'shifted' towards the red part of the spectrum. There are at least three kinds of redshifts namely, Doppler redshift, gravitational redshift, and cosmological redshift.

Moreover, relative time emerges from relative frequencies. It is the phase shift in relative frequencies due to infinitesimal loss in wave energy and corresponding enlargement in the wavelengths of oscillations; which occur in any clock between relative locations due to the relativistic effects or difference in gravitational potential; result error in the reading of clock time, which is wrongly presented as time dilation. 

The following wave figure-2 represents time period inversely corresponds to wave frequency. The time interval for 1° of phase is inversely proportional to the frequency (f). If the frequency of a signal is given by f, then the time t (deg), in seconds, corresponding to 1° of phase is t (deg)  = 1/(360f) = t/360. Therefore, a 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz signal corresponds to a time shift of 555 picoseconds (ps), and so on.

Fig.-2.

Conclusion:

Redshifts are the consequence of respective phase shifts of frequencies; corresponding respective wavelength enlargements, and phaseshift also corresponds to, so called, time dilation. Time dilation is rather wavelength dilation.

Reference: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12631.96161

#phaseshift #redshift #wavelengthdilation #timedilation

Gravitational Lensing is due to gain of momentum of the photon, not for wrapped spacetime:

Summary: A photon exchanges momentum as it bypasses a large gravitational well during transit. The photon experiences a change in momentum and its path is bent as it interacts with the gravitational field. A photon simultaneously gains and loses momentum (p) from a gravitational interaction with a massive object. However, a photon maintains its relative path with speed c and covers the same distance (d) as compared to its constant speed. The curvature of the photon's path is understood in terms of the exchange of momentum experienced by the photon.

You've probably asked the question, "What bends light?" or, “What makes a light source bigger?

1. However, your question is about "gravitational lensing" that bends light and makes the source appear larger, from light that comes from a single star or an entire galaxy..

2. In fact gravitational lensing itself implies that it is a phenomenon of gravitational interaction with light. But relativity misrepresents that such gravitational lensing is due to bent or warped spacetime. However, it should be field interaction. You can see my contention here in my post.

3. Also, I will give an accurate representation of space and time in light of gravitational lensing, that is, the interaction between the gravitational field of matter and the field of electromagnetic photons, and nothing to do with warped space-time.

4. Gravitational-electromagnetic field interaction between the above-mentioned gravitating object and the light photon - which acquires the temporary energy of the photon by increasing the momentum energy of the photon.

5. A photon does not retain newly acquired momentum energy other than its own energy acquired from its source.

6. So the photon releases its newly acquired momentum energy in the form of expended momentum.

7. Accordingly, the photon follows a curved path while maintaining a constant linear-path relative to the moving curved path.

8. The photon simultaneously gains and releases momentum energy until it escapes the gravitational influence of the gravitating object and then maintains its own linear path at the end of its interaction.

9. So the conclusion is, the photon path is not curved for bent or warped spacetime, rather, the photon path is bent during field interaction with another gravitating object, due to the temporary gain of its momentum energy on the way to its destination. Space, time or spacetime are not natural but energy fields are natural, and they act on events to invoke conceptual time.

Note: The momentum of a photon is directly proportional to its frequency and inversely proportional to its wavelength. If the wavelength of a photon is known, its momentum can be calculated using the formula 𝑝 = ℎ 𝜆 . If the frequency of a photon is known, its momentum can be calculated using the formula 𝑝 = ℎ 𝑓 𝑐 .

Photons have momentum, given by p=hλ, where λ is the photon wavelength. Photon energy and momentum are related by p=Ec, where E=hf=hc/λ for a photon

#Gravitationallensing #space #time #GravitationalInteraction #electromagneticinteraction #fieldsinteraction #momentum