04-07-2024
A1. A photon's speed can be expressed as Planck length divided by Planck time, ℓP/tP = c, which is approximately 3 × 10⁸ m/s.
A2. The path of a photon is bent due to the momentum exchange of the photon with the external gravitational field of massive bodies, and not due to curvature in spacetime.
A3. There is no question of relativity ruling out Newton's gravity as a force, with the relativistic interpretation of gravity as curvature of spacetime—which appears to be flawed.
A4. Any mass (M or m) is the property of gravity that generates a gravitational field around it. A single mass does not experience gravitational force unless there is another massive object within the gravitational influence of the mass (M or m). Generally, M or m represents the masses of two objects, where one mass (M) is more massive than the other mass (m). This interpretation is in accordance with Newton's Law. That is why the equation (F = GMm/r²) represents the force of gravitational attraction between two masses, M and m.
A5. According to relativity, no mass can reach the speed of light in a local sense. This statement primarily applies to mass within gravitationally bound systems, where immense force is needed to accelerate a mass. This force generates so much kinetic energy that it distorts the body beyond recognition as mass, causing the atomic structure to undergo transformation much before it reaches the speed of light. However, in intergalactic space dominated by dark energy, the situation differs. Here, the effect of dark energy, causing antigravity, may cause galaxies to recede at speeds exceeding that of light due to gravitational-antigravitational interactions between the gravity of galactic masses and the antigravity effect of dark energy. This does not involve the local acceleration of mass to the speed of light but rather results in galaxies covering more distance than light can travel in the same amount of time
Reference:
My earlier research titled, "Direct Influence of Gravitational Field on Object Motion invalidates Spacetime Distortion" provides a mathematical framework supporting the idea that the path of a photon is influenced by momentum exchange with an external gravitational field rather than by spacetime curvature. The research outlines the following key points:
The total energy of a photon under gravitational influence (Eg) remains equivalent to its intrinsic energy (E), ensuring energy conservation (Eg = E).
Changes in photon momentum (Δρ) exhibit symmetry, represented by Δρ = −Δρ.
The constant speed of electromagnetic waves (ℓₚ/tₚ = c) is maintained, highlighting the significance of energy conservation in gravitational interactions.
This mathematical presentation elucidates the behaviour of photons in strong gravitational fields, emphasizing their energy-momentum relationship and wavelength variations under gravitational influence. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of quantum mechanics and the interplay between photons and gravity, enriching our comprehension of the universe's fundamental principles.
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