Acceptance & Contradictions regarding Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity:

Mass-energy equivalence: 

Acceptance - mass is concentrated energy as in the equation E∝m. This is good to hold that mass equivalents frequency as Max Planck postulated energy is proportional to the frequency E∝f.

Space and time incompatibility - space-time is a mathematical model that joins space and time into a single idea called a continuum: 

Contradiction; space cannot be in alliance with time because of it’s dimensional restriction and confliction with time; expendability of space and uniformity in the scale of time make them incompatible for coexisting; space interacts with dark energy but time does not interact with anything; space is natural and time is concept; events in the existence invoke time.

Space is the boundless three dimensional extent of height, depth, and width within which all things exist and move and the events have relative position in it, a three dimensional reality. Whereas, time is the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole; occurs in irreversible succession; dimension of time is referred as the fourth dimension; the duration of any change.

Relative time - The rate at which time passes depends on your frame of reference:

Contradiction; time depending upon one's frame of reference considers a specific event and ignores rest of the events in the Universe happening at that time, so it conveys a relative time specific to an event and such relative time cannot be the original time as in the concept. Relative time considered here is not relative to universal frame of reference but in respect of its relative frame of reference, such relative time is not as the original concept of time, time relative to universal frame of reference would only depend on all the specific events occurring at that point of time and past and future included in it.    

Absurdity in fast moving object ageing less - the faster a clock moves, the slower time passes according to someone in a different frame of reference:

Contradiction; a clock cannot move faster or slower unless it is a defective clock, though making an absolute clock is impossible within three dimensional space and in presence of gravity, however, the conceptual time needs to be in uniformed scale - without the influence of gravity on it and considered above three dimensional space. Slower time and ageing less is a defective consideration and against the characteristic of time.

Error and illegality in time dilation  - Time dilation is the phenomenon of time passing slower for an observer who is moving relative to another observer, the faster one travels the slower he experiences time:

Contradiction: Representing time dilation with respect to mass-gravity interaction not only violate frequency-gravity interaction as in Planks' energy-frequency relationship, frequency being related to time, such representation also improperly distort the characteristic of time, time being without frequency, and, there is no valid law that can embed time with mass or time with space unless, its is an arbitrary abstraction. Gravity will apply a mechanical stress to the fast moving body affecting its frequency; hence longer wavelength, so the fast moving clock will be slightly behind the clock on the ground. Such difference in the elapsed time is due to the mechanical stress to the fast moving body invoking a relative time, and not absolute time. Time is ticking at a constant rate for the entire universe and everything in it.

- Soumendra Nath Thakur

   27th July 2021

Link https://bit.ly/3rz3xI4

Dark energy antigravity vs. matter gravity – Accelerated cosmological expansion:

The effective mass of dark energy is <0 and its gravitating mass is more than matter mass that results a strong effect at large scale as such, the cosmological expansion accelerate.

Antigravity exerted by dark energy affects a cosmic structure strongly at large scale. The dark energy background produces antigravity which is stronger than the matter gravity in the present Universe as a whole. This makes the cosmological expansion accelerated.

The cosmic antigravity can be stronger than gravity globally and also locally in the scale between 3.26 lightyear and 3.262×10⁷ lightyear. The local weakfield dynamical effects of dark energy adequately described in term of Newtonian mechanics, and its effective gravitating density is negative, producing antigravity.

Gravity dominates at distances, while antigravity is stronger than gravity, therefore, a gravitationally bound system with its mass can exist only inside the zero gravity sphere of its radius [circumference of a sphere where, (antigravity - gravity = 0)], while dark energy is effective in the outer region of the domination of gravitating mass and practically have no effect within the strong domination of gravitating mass.   

 

#Gravity #AntiGravity #DarkEnergy #AcceleratedExpansion

Isn’t time dilation not only reduces one's age, it also increases circumference of a clock dial >360° to accommodate enlarged divisions of a minute?

Time dilation, in relativity, is the difference in the elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either due to a relative velocity between them or to a difference in gravitational potential between their locations. The apparent paradox arising from relativity theory that if one of a pair of twins makes a long journey at near the speed of light and then returns, he or she will have aged less than the twin who remains behind.

Therefore, the above paradox conveys that time dilation can reduce one's age, and it also means that the said clock, in a long journey at near the speed of light, have enlarged the divisions of the minute scale within the dial circumference of the clock in journey to accommodate greater than 360 degrees (>360°) of the plane angle of that clock dial.

So the question is, "Is said accommodations of greater than 360 degrees (>360°) of the plane angle of that clock dial valid?"

- Soumendra Nath Thakur

 

#TimeDilation

Mechanical Stress due to Gravitational force (g-force):

 

Mechanical oscillators are harmonic oscillators use balance wheels or pendulums resonance, preferred at a certain rate.

Crystal oscillators use mechanical resonance of vibrating crystals of piezoelectric material and create electrical signal with a constant frequency.

However, atomic oscillators’ mechanisms are based on the interaction of electromagnetic radiation in excited states of certain atoms, used as constant frequency.

Irrespective of the type of the oscillators used in a clock for time keeping, herein specifically known as a body, are made up of either certain atomic and/or certain molecular particles.

Such a body in acceleration and in gravitational potential experiences less weight due to the experience of less gravitational force per unit mass of that body in lesser gravitational potential. Accordingly gravity exerts less force on the body and to the neighbouring particles within the continuous internal material of such a body; this causes less mechanical stress to any oscillating particles within that body causing their lesser frequency or enlarged wavelength of the oscillator.

Therefore an accelerating body or a body in gravitational potential shall experience lesser frequency or enlarged wavelength of the oscillator.   

- Soumendra Nath Thakur 

 18 July 2021

#AbsoluteTime #AbstractMathematics #AbstractScience #EnergyFrequency #EnergyFrequencyInteraction #EnergyGravityInteraction #EnergyMass #Frequency #FrequencyGravityInteraction #GeneralRelativity #GravitationalRedShift #Gravity #Mass #MassGravityInteraction #MechanicalStress #OriginPoint #PlankEquation #PlanksEquation #Reality #Redshift #RelativeTime #Space #SpecialRelativity #Time #TimeDilation #Wavelength #WavelengthDilation

The vibrational Universe. (f Hz.):

Max Planck shown us that the energy equivalents frequency (E∝v) in the year 1900, which, according to me, is mightier than any other post laws during twentieth century.

"There is no matter as such. All matter originates and exists only by virtue of a force which brings the particle of an atom to vibration - Max Planck." He said this in 1944 - few years before his death in 1947, while he discovered this earlier in 1900.

 

Planck said in 1944, "as a man who has devoted his whole life to the most clear headed science, to the study of matter, I can tell you as a result of my research about atoms this much:There is no matter as such. All matter originates and exists only by virtue of a force which brings the particle of an atom to vibration and holds this most minute solar system of the atom together. . ... "

 

#MaxPlanck

Time as in brief description.

Do not we measure eventual changes in the scale of time? Don't we consider the age of the Universe till now evolved through events on the scale of time so that the absolute age of the universe is determined. These are more of my statements than questions.

Time is defined as the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole, and is irreversible progression.

The concept of time may not only begin due to the cosmological bodies but the requirement of time was also there in everyone’s a day-to-day life. A possibility in the requirement of time might have started locally. The ongoing Universal events those certainly indulge one in conceptualising time and accordingly time might have been conceptualized. Actually time is a concept of a uniformed scale to track events in the existence where past, present and future regarded as a whole. Time is significant because of the events, otherwise time is meaningless.

Spatial progression or spatial events necessarily needs to be tracked from above the spatial dimensions of height, depth and width, so as to avoid a likely dimensional conflict among the dimensions of space and dimension of time, hence time is conceptualised in the fourth dimension, so as to enable time to track the three dimensional existence and events through its uniformed scale. Time is therefore a human made concept, prevailing in the imperceptible fourth dimension and ticking at a constant rate for the entire universe and everything in it since its beginning.

Constancy of time is Inevitable because two variables (one is in consideration and another as reference/scale) cannot determine a variable without a constant reference/scale. Here events are variables and time as scale.

(e.g. a crystal oscillator in a digital clock and the digits displayed on the clock are two independent sections in the electronic circuit of the clock, while the crystal provides a constant oscillation as reference to the circuit and the other section of the circuit tells the time in reference of said oscillation crystal, so that a perfect synchronized time is achieved for that moment as a combined effect of the clock circuit.)

Not only present but past and future too need to be in such considerations of variable events, so time (as reference) necessarily needs to be a constant in character, not variable, but slices of time may have variable values due to their relative locations while it's mother time (as reference/scale) do not vary so that there is time difference between any two celestial objects in space.

The values of future events are not in the present consideration in the measurements of the current values but they are going be in the future values of universal events and, there cannot be any exception, as such time is continued progress through past, present and future.

Time is defined as the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole, irreversible progression, a concept - distinct, independent and uniformed in scale, had a beginning, resides above spatial dimension, disassociated from any of the fundamental interactions, but events (not time) are results of interactions of the fundamental interactions etc.

E.g. since time is a function of events { f(t):x→y } in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole, therefore time keeps records of the past events, tracks present events, and time will track events in the indefinite future too... a particular event what we are experiencing now that we could have experienced ten years ago too - is possible only in concept and not physically, as there would be a locational difference between the origination of light and observation of the same light, besides that the light energy would be diminished too between its origin and its observation. And for this reason time indefinitely continue its progress through the past, present, and future as a whole.

#Time

Possibility of misunderstanding is most when its Time dilation:

Possibility of misunderstanding is most when Time dilation is seen as gravity or speed affected mass (as energy equivalents mass in E=mc²), than seeing it as gravity/speed affected frequencies (as energy equivalents frequency in E=hv).

What actually happens in the experiments as can be seen in the relationship λ∝T. The experiments actually need to consider dilated wavelength and not dilated time. 

If the experiments consider that they observed dilation of time then it will violate fundamental properties of time. It rather would miscalculate T instead of calculating λ, because by considering changed/dilated values either of the value of the λ or even the value of T, one will get same result. But the illegality would be considering T as gravity affected consideration instead of appropriately considering λ as the gravity affected consideration. 

A λ can be influenced by gravity and change its wavelength values but none can change T with the effect of  gravity as time itself is not something changeable by any external interaction or influence unless such changes are in the structure of the events themselves, then only time comes into a relative consideration with the changeable events. 

Time itself does not participate in any eventual act rather time tracks changes in the events. So a question of changing time itself is not only absurd but is illegal too as per valid definition and properties of time. 

Time dilation necessarily needs to be wavelength dilation, when λ∝T comes in to the consideration.

 

#TimeDilation #WavelengthDilation #Relativity #PlankEquation

 

 

Wavelength Enlargement in respect of Relativity, Planck's equation and experimental results:

 

The special theory of relativity wherein, Time dilation dependent on the relative speeds of the observers' reference frames and concerns a twin who flies off in a spaceship travelling near the speed of light and returns to discover that the travelling twin sibling has aged much less. There are several direct proofs of time dilation. Extremely accurate clocks have been flown on jet aircraft. The clock in motion shows a slightly slower passage of time than the one at rest.

However, the Planck's law helps us to calculate the energy when their frequency is known, as such wavelength is known, so one can calculate the energy by using the wave equation to calculate the frequency and then apply Planck's equation to find the energy.

Moreover, in general relativity, gravitational redshift, known as Einstein shift, is the phenomenon in which electromagnetic waves or photons travelling out of a gravitational well seem to lose energy. This loss of energy corresponds to a decrease in the wave frequency and increase in the wavelength, known as a redshift. The theory therefore predicts that the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation will lengthen as it climbs out of a gravitational well, this corresponds to an increase in the wavelength, or a shift to the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum – hence the name: gravitational redshift.

Frequency is related to energy (E) as in the Planck's equation E=hv, where v=frequency (Hz) and h=6.626 070 15 x 10^-34 J Hz^-1 represents relationship between energy and frequency. And, energy 'E' is equivalent to mass 'm' as in the Einstein's theory of special relativity E=mc².

Therefore, combining these above two equations we get energy-mass (m) is related to frequency of the wave the energy-mass ('f' in Hz or ‘v’ s^–1 in Hz).

Frequency 'f' or 'v' of the wave is inversely proportional to the wavelength λ (Lambda) 'f'∝1/λ or, 'v'∝1/λ {Equation No.... (1)}

'f' or 'v' of the wave too is inversely proportional to time period 'T' s (second). 'f'∝1/T or, 'v'∝1/T {Equation No.... (2)}

The derived equation from the combination of the above said equations, the frequency (v; f) of mass-energy if somehow gets changed due to the effect of relative gravity or relative speed then the wavelength (λ) of that mass-energy would also change.

The wavelength (λ) of that mass-energy is directly proportional to the time period (T) of the wave. λ∝T {Equation No.... (3)}

In the experiments, it is observed that the time interval for 1° of phase is inversely proportional to the frequency. If the frequency of a wave is given by ‘f’, then the time tdeg (in seconds) corresponding to 1° of phase

tdeg = 1 / (360f) = T / 360. {Equation No.... (4)}

Therefore, a 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz wave corresponds to a time shift of 555 picoseconds.

The mathematics and result of practical experiments behind energy body/particle/electromagnetic wave is affected by gravitational stress exerted on them, accordingly wavelength of the energy body change.

So in determining the crystal oscillator’s frequencies between two identical clocks under relative speed or gravitational potential, the crystal oscillator’s frequency of the fast moving clock will decrease causing longer wavelength, than the clock on the ground, this happens since gravity exerts mechanical stress on both of the clock’s crystal oscillators, exerts more stress on the clock on ground and less stress on the clock in fast moving airplane,

The above said effect will decrease frequency of the clock on fast moving airplane resulting a longer wavelength of the crystal oscillator, so the fast moving clock will be slightly behind than the clock on the ground, as the mechanical stress on the ground is higher than the fast moving airplane.

This delay in time actually causes due to the wavelength dilation of the clock frequency of the clock in the fast moving airplane, of course due to gravitational difference or due to relative speed in consideration of the above Equation Nos. (2), (3) & (4).

 

Note: What actually happened in the experiment as can be seen in the relationship λ∝T. The experiment actually considered dilated wavelength and not dilated time. If the experiment is considered that it observed dilation of time then it will violate fundamental properties of time. It rather miscalculated T instead of λ, because by appropriately changing either of the value of λ or even the value of T, one will get same result. But the illegality would be considering T as gravity affected factor instead of appropriately considering λ as the gravity affecting factor. A λ can be influence by gravity and change its wavelength but none can change T with the effect of gravity as time is not something changeable by any external influence or interaction unless such changes is in the structure of the events itself, then only time comes into a relative consideration with the changeable events. Time does not participate in any eventual act rather time tracks changes in the events. So a question of changing time is not only absurd but is illegal too as per valid definition and properties of time. Time dilation necessarily needs to be wavelength dilation, when λ∝T comes in to the consideration.

 

#AbsoluteTime #AbstractMathematics #AbstractScience #EnergyFrequency #EnergyFrequencyInteraction #EnergyGravityInteraction #EnergyMass #Frequency #FrequencyGravityInteraction #GeneralRelativity #GravitationalRedShift #Gravity #Mass #MassGravityInteraction #MechanicalStress #OriginPoint #PlankEquation #PlanksEquation #Reality #Redshift #RelativeTime #Space #SpecialRelativity #Time #TimeDilation #Wavelength #WavelengthDilation