Photon Behaviour Under Negative Apparent Mass in ECM:

Soumendra Nath Thakur

May 11, 2025

In the Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) framework, the photon—being perpetually in motion—is modelled as a massless particle with a dynamic negative apparent mass (−Mᵃᵖᵖ), distinguishing it fundamentally from ordinary matter. This −Mᵃᵖᵖ accounts for the photon's repulsive interaction with massive bodies and its resistance to gravitational attraction, balanced by an intrinsic energy expenditure.

The effective acceleration (aᵉᶠᶠ) of the photon is state-dependent:

* Upon emission within a gravitationally bound system, the photon exhibits aᵉᶠᶠ = 2c, leading to an effective force of Fₚₕₒₜₒₙ = −2Mᵃᵖᵖ · aᵉᶠᶠ.

* As the photon escapes the gravitational influence of the source, aᵉᶠᶠ reduces to c, and the force becomes Fₚₕₒₜₒₙ = −Mᵃᵖᵖ · aᵉᶠᶠ, reflecting the energetic cost of decoupling from the source's gravitational field.

Although the photon tends toward infinite velocity and frequency due to its −Mᵃᵖᵖ-driven dynamics, this behaviour is constrained by the Planck thresholds:

    f < fₚ ; λ > lₚ and Δt > Tₚ.

These bounds define the photon's maximum frequency and minimum wavelength, stabilizing its propagation speed at c—the maximum permissible speed under ECM, assuming vacuum conditions.

In refractive or reflective media, photons are entirely absorbed and re-emitted by bound electrons. This interaction introduces a time delay between incidence and re-emission, lowering the photon’s effective frequency and causing a transient reduction in speed. Nevertheless, these effects are environmental and do not contradict the constancy of photon speed in free space.

Thus, under ECM, the photon's behaviour—including its effective acceleration, energy dissipation, and Planck-limited oscillation—is a direct consequence of its negative apparent mass (−Mᵃᵖᵖ) and the fundamental constraints of the vacuum medium.

Can Spinning a Crystal Distort Time? This Experiment Says Yes—Without Einstein

Soumendra Nath Thakur

Tagore's Electronic Lab, India

May 10, 2025

In a laboratory experiment, scientists spun a special type of crystal called a piezoelectric—a material known for generating electricity when it's squeezed or stretched. But here’s the twist: they didn’t apply any power at all. They simply rotated the crystal, and it began to generate a clean 50 Hz electrical signal entirely on its own.

Even more curious? That signal started to drift in time. Imagine a metronome ticking, but each tick slowly shifting forward. This steady “phase shift” wasn’t noise or error—it was perfectly matched to how fast the crystal was spinning. That means the act of rotating the crystal was somehow affecting the timing of the signal it produced.

So what’s going on?

This surprising behaviour actually fits beautifully with the fundamental principles of piezoelectricity: the internal structure of the crystal responds to mechanical stress—in this case, the stresses caused by rotation. But there’s a deeper message. The experiment points to a bold new idea called Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), which suggests that motion—especially acceleration—can change how time flows inside matter.

In short, this crystal didn’t just make electricity—it acted like a clock whose rhythm was bent by motion. No need for satellites or speed-of-light travel—just an ordinary device showing that even here on Earth, motion can subtly reshape time.

This ground breaking result opens new doors for precision sensors, navigation tech, and even how we understand time itself. Sometimes, spinning a crystal is all it takes to shake up physics.

Experimental Phase Shift in Rotating Piezoelectric Device

Soumendra Nath Thakur
Tagore's Electronic Lab, India
May 10, 2025

This experiment used a piezoelectric crystal—materials that can turn mechanical pressure into electrical signals—to explore how motion affects time. Normally, piezoelectric devices need electricity to work, but here, no electricity was applied. Instead, the crystal was simply rotated.

Surprisingly, the crystal started producing a clear 50 Hz electrical signal all on its own, and more importantly, that signal began to slowly drift in phase, meaning its timing was shifting little by little—like a second hand running slightly ahead or behind on a clock. This shift wasn’t random; it matched the speed of rotation, showing that the motion itself was causing a change in the crystal’s internal behaviour.

This lines up perfectly with how piezoelectric materials work: when they're squeezed, stretched, or rotated, their structure changes in ways that can generate electricity. The experiment showed that rotation was enough to create internal stresses in the crystal that made it behave like a tiny self-powered clock—one whose timing was subtly altered just by being spun.

These findings support a new physics idea called Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), which says that motion—especially acceleration—can directly affect how time flows inside matter. The phase drift we saw in the experiment is like a fingerprint of this effect. So in simple terms: spinning the crystal made it create its own voltage and shift its timing, proving that motion can affect time in a measurable, physical way—without needing relativity or space travel.

Relativity does not have a mathematical explanation for why the speed of light is c:

May 09, 2025

The assertion that "Relativity does not have a mathematical explanation for why the speed of light is c" is fundamentally correct. In special relativity, the invariance of the speed of light is not derived from first principles but postulated as a foundational axiom. While Maxwell’s equations predict that electromagnetic waves propagate at a fixed speed c in vacuum, these equations are formulated within particular reference frames and do not inherently explain why this speed should remain invariant across all inertial observers. Special relativity adopts this invariance as its second postulate: that the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of their relative motion. As such, the value of c is not mathematically deduced from within relativity—it is assumed.

In standard relativity, photons are treated as massless (rest mass m = 0), yet they carry energy and momentum, implying an effective inertial influence. In Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), this leads to a re-interpretation: photons and other massless particles can exhibit negative apparent mass (Mᵃᵖᵖ < 0) due to their kinetic energy characteristics. This challenges the conventional notion of masslessness by introducing a dynamical interpretation tied to acceleration and force. Similarly, in cosmological contexts, dark energy—such as that inferred in studies by A. D. Chernin et al. on the Coma Cluster—is interpreted as having negative effective mass, a view consistent with ECM’s framework.

Within ECM, particles exhibiting negative apparent mass—such as photons emitted from gravitationally bound systems—tend toward unbounded propagation speeds. This provides an alternative explanation for the observed superluminal recession of distant galaxies, where the recession is not merely a relativistic artifact of metric expansion, but a real, force-driven phenomenon resulting from gravitational–antigravitational interaction. Specifically, such recession occurs when the negative effective mass component dominates over the matter mass, producing a net repulsive dynamic. Here, "unbounded" refers to the mathematical tendency of speed to diverge as apparent mass becomes increasingly negative or frequency increases without bound.

However, ECM also acknowledges that physical unboundedness is constrained by fundamental quantum limits. The Planck scale introduces the smallest meaningful physical quantities—the Planck length (Lₚ) and Planck time (Tₚ)—which naturally impose an upper bound on velocity. This bound is expressed through the ratio:

  c = Lₚ / Tₚ

This expression does not emerge from relativity itself but from dimensional considerations in quantum gravity. It defines the maximum attainable speed for any propagation process, including those involving particles with Mᵃᵖᵖ < 0. While mathematical models may suggest speeds approaching infinity, the Planck scale sets a physical boundary, beyond which further acceleration or frequency increase ceases to be meaningful or measurable. In this way, ECM preserves causal consistency and enforces a speed limit—not as a postulate of relativity or a consequence of spacetime curvature, but as a boundary arising from the discrete, physical limits imposed by the Planck scale.

Regards,

Soumendra Nath Thakur

ECM Interpretation: Motion-Induced Time Distortion

May 07, 2025

Within the framework of Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), rotational systems undergoing high-speed motion exhibit not only effective acceleration but also time-modulating behaviour that emerges from internal energy-phase interactions. This time modulation—termed time distortion in ECM—is categorically distinct from relativistic "time dilation." ECM rejects the curvature of spacetime and instead attributes observable temporal deviations to phase distortion in frequency-based systems, where apparent mass and dynamic acceleration dictate energy redistribution.

In the observed experiment, a piezoelectric crystal is subjected to rotation at 3000 RPM (50 Hz) at a radius of 1.5915 m. When initiated from a null bias—that is, with no external voltage applied before rotation—the device spontaneously generates a 50 Hz voltage signal and undergoes a cumulative phase shift of 18,000° per second. This phase shift acts as a measurable temporal displacement caused solely by rotational acceleration and mechanical stress within the crystal structure.

Under ideal (biased) conditions, where the crystal is pre-energized but stationary, it oscillates at its nominal frequency (50 Hz), producing a stable waveform with no external influence on phase. However, when the same device is rotated while voltage is already applied, an additional 18,000°/s phase shift appears—representing incremental time distortion relative to the ideal waveform. Initiating from a null bias serves as a deductive method to isolate and quantify motion-induced time distortion as distinct from signal input effects.

In ECM terms:

• Effective force is defined by the interplay between matter mass (Mᴍ) and negative apparent mass (Mᵃᵖᵖ < 0), which reflects inertia-based energy deficits under acceleration.

• Periodic acceleration in rotating systems sustains a dynamic energy exchange, leading to an evolving phase profile.

• Phase evolution is treated as a direct proxy for time evolution, implying that the effective flow of time is modulated by acceleration-driven phase progression.

Thus, ECM does not assert that "clocks tick slower" in the relativistic sense, but that event timing—encoded in phase—is distorted due to continuous mechanical interactions. The resulting time distortion is not an illusion of frame-dependent geometry but a real, measurable shift in the system’s temporal evolution driven by internal dynamics.

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Material Basis of Time-Dependent Phase Shift in Rotating Piezoelectric Systems

The phenomenon of time distortion in the rotating piezoelectric crystal is intrinsically linked to the material's electromechanical properties. Quartz and synthetic piezoelectric materials convert periodic mechanical stress—induced here by rotational acceleration—into a voltage signal, precisely at the rotational frequency (50 Hz).

Quartz, with high thermal and mechanical stability, maintains phase fidelity under rotation, which contributes to the sharp consistency of the observed 18000°/s phase evolution. Synthetic variants, while more sensitive and economical, trade long-term stability for responsiveness, making them suitable for high-frequency, shock, and vibration detection.

The generated voltage phase is not merely a passive output but an active phase-time marker. As the crystal oscillates due to internal lattice stress, it encodes the ongoing phase shift in its voltage waveform. This makes the observed frequency and phase not just a signal but a direct expression of temporal modulation imposed by rotational dynamics.

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Frequency, Apparent Mass, and the Energetic Basis of Phase-Time Displacement

Within ECM, the relationship between frequency, energy, and apparent mass provides a physical foundation for understanding time distortion as a function of motion.

The total energy of a frequency-based system is expressed as:

• Eₜₒₜₐₗ = hf,
  where h is Planck's constant and f is frequency.

In ECM, this energy is equated to the energetic signature of a negative effective mass:

• Eₜₒₜₐₗ = −Mᵉᶠᶠc²,
  implying that −Mᵉᶠᶠ = f / c²

This identification leads to the insight that frequency itself is a mass-equivalent quantity under ECM: as frequency increases due to acceleration-induced phase shift, the associated (negative) apparent mass increases in magnitude. This negative mass does not represent real substance but rather a deficit in mechanical inertia resulting from internal stress-energy redistribution.

The effective force driving the time distortion is thus governed by:

• Fᴇᴄᴍ = −2Mᵃᵖᵖ × aᵉᶠᶠ

Here, the factor of 2 arises from ECM’s dynamic coupling model, and the negative sign reflects the directional opposition between inertial resistance (Mᵃᵖᵖ) and motion-induced energy flow.

Therefore, the observed 50 Hz frequency and 18,000°/s phase shift in the rotating system correspond to an effective mass-frequency conversion. The continuous phase progression can now be interpreted as a manifestation of energy displacement governed by:

• Rotational acceleration (aᵉᶠᶠ)

• Apparent mass (Mᵃᵖᵖ)

• Frequency-linked energy (hf)

These factors collectively modulate the system’s phase-time structure, yielding measurable time distortion without invoking relativistic geometry or spacetime curvature.

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Summary

The experimental findings—namely, the spontaneous emergence of a 50 Hz signal and a consistent 18000°/s phase shift in a bias-free rotating piezoelectric device—are consistent with ECM predictions:

• Centripetal acceleration generates mechanical stress.

• Stress converts directly to voltage via the piezoelectric effect.

• Voltage phase shift reveals internal time distortion, not due to relativistic dilation but phase displacement.

• The time distortion is encoded in frequency and apparent mass via negative effective mass-energy relationships.

These observations validate ECM’s rejection of spacetime curvature and its reinterpretation of temporal effects as frequency-driven, mass-mediated phase distortions—providing a robust alternative framework for understanding time evolution in dynamically accelerated systems.