Soumendra Nath Thakur | ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803
November, 12, 2025
Abstract
This paper reevaluates the mainstream interpretation of relativistic phenomena through the framework of Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), emphasizing the mechanical, temporal, and energetic origins of observed effects. It challenges the conventional attribution of GPS time corrections, time dilation, and spacetime curvature to relativistic causes, proposing instead that these arise from oscillator-based distortions and energetic variations consistent with classical mechanics.
In ECM, the behavior of timekeeping systems is governed by frequency stability rather than geometric deformation of spacetime. The analysis distinguishes between time dilation and time distortion, expressing the generalized temporal deviation as t′ = t ± Δt, where Δt represents either dilation or contraction depending on the oscillator’s energetic and mechanical state. This interpretation restores the concept of time as a fixed-scale phenomenon rooted in physical oscillation, not an elastic continuum.
The discussion further establishes that gravitational and velocity-dependent deviations in clock behavior stem from infinitesimal variations in oscillator energy (E = hf), negating the need for spacetime curvature to explain these effects. Through analytical reasoning and empirical parallels from electronic oscillator systems, ECM provides a consistent, frequency-governed alternative to relativistic constructs—preserving rational physical principles while unifying mechanics, energy, and time under a coherent classical framework.
Keywords:
Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), Time Distortion, Frequency Shift, Oscillator Deformation, GPS Time Correction, Relativity Reevaluation, Energy–Frequency Equivalence, Classical Dynamics
Argument 1: GPS Corrections vs. Time Dilation
The argument that GPS satellite corrections confirm “relativistic time dilation” is a misrepresentation. A clock—whether atomic or mechanical—is a physical device whose timekeeping depends on the stability of its oscillator. Any change in frequency results from mechanical or energetic deformation of that oscillator, not from abstract spacetime effects.
Relativistic correction implies adjustment for speed or gravitational potential. However, a GPS satellite cannot “correct” its orbital velocity or gravitational potential while in operation. To truly nullify such effects, it would have to be physically relocated to Earth’s surface under identical conditions—an obviously impossible situation.
In reality, the so-called relativistic corrections applied to GPS systems compensate for timekeeping errors caused by oscillator distortion arising from variations in velocity and gravitational potential. These corrections are thus mechanical and classical in nature, consistent with well-established principles of oscillator behavior under physical stress, rather than confirmations of relativistic time dilation.
Argument 2: Fixed vs. Relative Time Scale
It is a well-established fact that a clock’s oscillation frequency is predesigned and fixed within a definite physical range, maintaining a consistent scale of 360°. In practical mechanics and electronics, this frequency represents a stable temporal reference. Relativistic theory, however, departs from this fixed framework — proposing that the frequency of the same oscillator appears reduced under motion or in differing gravitational potentials, leading to what is termed time dilation.
In conventional representation, this is expressed as
t′ = ∣t+Δt∣, where t′>t,
implying that the observed time always expands relative to the base time t. This unidirectional dilation — the stretching of the time scale — is regarded as an intrinsic outcome of relativistic conditions.
In Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), however, time distortion is not confined to dilation alone. Instead, the deviation in time (Δt) may be positive or negative, depending on whether the oscillator’s frequency decreases or increases due to its energy, entropy, or mechanical conditions. Thus ECM generalizes the relation as
t′ = t ± Δt,
where Δt > 0 corresponds to slowed oscillation (dilation) and Δt < 0 corresponds to accelerated oscillation (contraction).
The essential point is that a clock does not experience “dilation of time” as a geometric stretching but a distortion of oscillation frequency caused by mechanical or energy variations. Therefore, the GPS satellite clock, whose oscillator undergoes deformation due to speed and gravitational potential, accumulates measurable error in time, not a change in the universal scale of time itself. The correction applied in GPS systems restores the oscillator’s frequency to its fixed, standard value — achieving stability, not “relativistic conformity.”
Argument 3. Oscillation Energy vs. Spacetime Geometry
ECM’s position that gravitational effects arise from tiny energy variations in oscillators is entirely consistent with physical principles. Every physical oscillator requires a constant energy input to maintain a constant frequency, as governed by E = hf. When frequency varies due to energetic or material influence, the effect is a direct mechanical or electromagnetic response, not the manifestation of curved spacetime.
There is no necessity to invoke spacetime curvature to explain deviations in frequency or timing. The fundamental relationships E = hf and f = 1/T = 1/λ remain valid without geometric reinterpretation. As an electronics engineer with direct experience handling such oscillatory systems, I affirm that these are empirically verified behaviors within the scope of classical mechanics and engineering practice, not relativistic phenomena.
Conclusion
Hence, all three mainstream arguments—relating to GPS corrections, relative time scales, and spacetime curvature—are misdirected. Each can be consistently and accurately interpreted within Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) and classical oscillator physics without reliance on relativistic constructs.
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