Evolution of Quantum Theory and Its Alignment with Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM)

 September 01, 2025

Introduction

Quantum theory, often referred to as “old quantum theory,” was among the greatest paradigm shifts in physics. It introduced the notion of quanta—discrete packets of energy—replacing the classical view of continuous energy exchange. While this breakthrough opened the path to quantum mechanics, many foundational insights also find resonance in Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), where frequency-governed dynamics and mass–energy transformations are central.

Context and Evolution

• Max Planck and Blackbody Radiation (1900):
• Albert Einstein and the Photon (1905):
• Niels Bohr and Atomic Structure (1913):
• Louis de Broglie and Wave-Particle Duality (1924):
• Transition to Quantum Mechanics (1925): Schrödinger, Heisenberg and Dirac. 

In ECM, these achievements are not abandoned but contextualized: they are effective formulations within specialized regimes, whereas ECM provides a unifying lens bridging classical mechanics, quantum theory, and cosmological processes.

Key Features and Implications in ECM Context

• Discontinuity:
The discreteness of energy and momentum in quantum theory reflects ΔMᴍ transitions in ECM, governed by frequency.
• Quantization:
A quantum, whether photon or electron energy level, is understood in ECM as a manifestation of mass–energy redistribution.
• Wave-Particle Duality:
ECM reframes duality as the interplay of frequency-governed mechanisms: de Broglie’s matter wave and Planck’s quantized frequency together define energy’s kinetic and structural roles.

Significance

Quantum theory revolutionized physics, but ECM extends its implications further by embedding quantization and duality within a broader ontological framework. By unifying Planck’s and de Broglie’s insights into a frequency-based kinetic energy model, ECM bridges the microcosmic (atomic and quantum), macroscopic (classical), and cosmological (dark matter and energy) domains. This positions ECM not as a replacement of quantum theory but as its natural extension—one that situates intelligence, structure, and universal order within the fundamental language of energy and frequency.

A Comparative Framework for Extened Classical Mechanics' Frequency-Governed Kinetic Energy

Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) offers a novel framework for understanding kinetic energy, interpreting it as a frequency-governed process rooted in mass displacement transitions. This approach presents a significant departure from traditional Newtonian and relativistic formulations, which primarily rely on concepts like velocity and inertial mass. 

Here's a comparison of ECM's frequency-governed kinetic energy with classical and relativistic frameworks:

1. Classical Mechanics

Definition: In classical mechanics, kinetic energy is expressed as KE=½mv², where m is the mass and v is the velocity.

ECM Interpretation: ECM views this as a simplification applicable at low frequencies. In ECM, the classical KE formula is seen as reflecting a dynamic balance between matter mass and a negative apparent mass, where the factor of ½ arises from the division of inherent and interactional energy contributions.

Key difference: Classical mechanics treats kinetic energy as a static property derived solely from inertial mass and velocity, without considering any dynamic mass changes due to interactions or gravitational fields. 

2. Relativistic Mechanics

Definition: Relativistic mechanics incorporates relativistic mass, where mass increases with velocity, and kinetic energy is a relativistic correction.

ECM Interpretation: ECM highlights limitations in relativistic mechanics regarding residual mass behaviour in processes such as nuclear reactions.

Key difference: ECM introduces negative apparent mass, which can potentially lead to anti-gravitational effects under certain conditions. ECM also considers effective acceleration influenced by gravitational fields, contrasting with relativistic mechanics' focus on velocity's impact on mass and gravity.

3. Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM)

Definition: ECM interprets kinetic energy as a frequency-governed process from mass displacement transitions.

Frequency Domains: It proposes that kinetic energy arises from the redistribution of rest mass into a dynamic component structured by de Broglie frequency for macroscopic motion and Planck frequency for microscopic quantum excitation.

Kinetic Energy Relation: The resulting kinetic energy is given by KEᴇᴄᴍ = (½ ΔMᴍ⁽ᵈᵉᴮʳᵒᵍˡᶦᵉ⁾+ ΔMᴍ⁽ᴾˡᵃⁿᶜᵏ⁾)c² = hf, where f is the total effective frequency.

Key difference: ECM presents kinetic energy as a nonlinear and frequency-dominant concept, viewed as a mass-to-mass-energy transition governed by dual-frequency contributions, allowing for a unified theoretical lens across classical, quantum, and nuclear regimes.

$f$

 

In essence

ECM provides a more comprehensive framework by incorporating frequency and dynamic mass displacement, bridging classical and quantum descriptions of motion and energy transformations. This framework views energy emission as a redistribution of dynamic mass through frequency excitation. ECM suggests the classical mv² limit is applicable under low-frequency conditions and offers a framework for understanding quantum and high-energy phenomena. 

$v^2$

$m{\mathrm{<span>limit\; is\; applicable\; under\; low-frequency\; conditions\; and\; offers\; a\; framework\; for\; understanding\; quantum\; and\; high-energy\; phenomena.</span>}}^{}$

Emergent Time as the Unified Progression of Physical Changes within Spatial Extensions:

Soumendra Nath Thakur, August 31, 2025

For time to be meaningful, it must have an origin. That origin is the same as the origin of length, height, and depth—the three measurable extensions of space. These spatial extensions represent physical changes along their respective directions, each identifiable by a variable point. Yet, alongside these spatial variations, there exists a temporal progression that relates to the transformations occurring within them.

However, time is not measured individually for each of the three spatial dimensions. Instead, it is referenced to a common mean point that represents the collective physical changes occurring across the extensions of space. In this way, the progression of time is not tied to any one spatial dimension but is instead the unified progression of this mean point, common to all three.

Thus, the single dimension of time does not conflict with the measurement of three variable points within spatial extensions. Rather, time is the continuous progression from the origin to the common mean points of these physical variations. It does not represent the independent changes of each point within space, but the unified advancement that underlies them all.

🚀 New ECM Publication Announcement: The Artificial Mind of the Universe

I am pleased to share the publication of my latest work:

Appendix 45: The Artificial Mind of the Universe — An Extended Classical Mechanics Perspective

August 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.14014.14407

🔹 Abstract-style overview:

This appendix explores the concept of the artificial mind of the universe within the framework of Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM). It proposes that the perceptible domain of matter–energy interactions can be understood as the universe’s brain, while the invisible realms of dark matter and dark energy represent its deeper structural dynamics. Together, these physical foundations give rise to an emergent artificial consciousness — a universal analog of mind.

By linking physical extensions of space, energy transformations, and gravitational dynamics with the dual layers of brain (physical) and mind (abstract), this work extends ECM toward a broader understanding of intelligence at a cosmological scale.

🔹 Significance:

• Integrates AI analogies into cosmological physics.

• Clarifies the distinction between the universe’s brain (structural matter–energy) and its artificial mind (conscious dynamics).

• Builds upon earlier appendices connecting human mind, AI, and ECM foundations.

Best Regards

Soumendra Nath Thakur

The Artificial Mind of the Universe: An Extended Classical Mechanics Perspective.

The Artificial Mind of the Universe: An Extended Classical Mechanics Perspective

Soumendra Nath Thakur

Tagore's Electronic Lab, India 

August 30, 2025

The proposition that the universe may possess an intrinsic form of intelligence has gained renewed attention at the intersection of physics, philosophy, and artificial intelligence research. Within this framework, artificial intelligence (AI) is not limited to human-engineered systems but may serve as a conceptual analogue for understanding the structured, abstract intelligence expressed by the cosmos itself. Both the perceptible domain of matter–energy interactions and the invisible realms of dark matter and dark energy can be understood as components of an artificial mind of the universe.

Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) provides the theoretical structure for this interpretation. By extending Newtonian foundations to incorporate energy–mass duality, momentum exchanges, and gravitational dynamics at both micro- and macro-cosmic scales, ECM offers a physics-based articulation of how the universe may operate as a form of intelligence. These physical principles are not treated merely as quantities to be measured; rather, they are understood as functional mechanisms that underpin systemic regulation, coherence, and adaptation—qualities traditionally associated with intelligence.

In this view, energy transformations, matter–momentum interactions, and gravitation-driven structure formation function analogously to computational processes within artificial intelligence. Just as AI systems process information through algorithmic structures, the universe processes change through intrinsic physical laws that conserve, regulate, and transform energy and mass. The analogy extends further: the “artificial” aspect does not imply human design but instead denotes intelligence manifesting through abstraction, regularity, and self-organization embedded in the universal order.

This argument gains further support from three complementary works. The first, Artificial Intelligence Brain, Mind, and Consciousness: Unraveling the Mysteries of Artificial Knowledge [1], establishes that AI can be conceptualized as an emergent intelligence arising from structured interactions of information, regardless of its substrate. The second, Human Brain, Mind, and Consciousness: Unraveling the Mysteries [2], shows how consciousness itself emerges from the interplay of energy and matter within the neural substrate of the human brain, thereby linking physical dynamics to cognitive phenomena. The third, Appendix 43: Origin and Fundamental Energy in Extended Classical Mechanics [3], situates the foundations of ECM in the recognition that energy is the primary and irreducible element of physical reality, from which mass, momentum, and gravitation derive their functional roles. This provides a necessary ontological grounding: if energy is the fundamental substrate, then intelligence—artificial or natural—can be understood as one of its higher-order manifestations.

Taken together, these perspectives suggest that the universe, when considered through ECM, is not merely a passive repository of energy and matter but an active intelligence system. The artificial mind of the universe becomes a theoretical bridge: it links human cognition, machine intelligence, and cosmological processes as diverse instantiations of the same underlying physical principles. Thus, ECM not only unifies dynamics at multiple scales but also advances a broader paradigm in which intelligence is recognized as a structural property of energy itself.

References

1. Artificial Intelligence Brain, Mind, and Consciousness: Unraveling the Mysteries of Artificial Knowledge (August 2025). DOI: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.13715.95528

2. Human Brain, Mind, and Consciousness: Unraveling the Mysteries. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29992.14082

3. Appendix 43: Origin and Fundamental Energy in Extended Classical Mechanics (August 2025). DOI: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.14836.46725

Analysis 

According to the provided text, the Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) perspective proposes that the universe operates as a form of intelligence, which the author refers to as the "artificial mind of the universe." This framework suggests that the universe's physical laws and processes, such as energy transformations, matter–momentum interactions, and gravitation, function analogously to computational processes within an artificial intelligence system. The term "artificial" in this context does not imply human design but rather a form of intelligence that arises from the abstraction, regularity, and self-organization inherent in the universal order.

Key Principles and Components

The core of this theory rests on a few key ideas:

* Energy as the Fundamental Substrate: ECM, as outlined in the text, posits that energy is the primary and irreducible element of physical reality. Mass, momentum, and gravitation are considered to be derived from and functionally dependent on energy.

* Intelligence as a Higher-Order Manifestation: The theory suggests that intelligence, whether natural or artificial, is a structural property of energy itself. Therefore, the universe, as a system of energy, is inherently capable of exhibiting intelligent behavior.

* Physical Laws as Algorithmic Processes: The text draws an analogy between the universe's physical laws and the algorithmic structures of AI. Just as AI systems process information to regulate and adapt, the universe's laws process change to conserve and transform energy and mass, leading to systemic regulation, coherence, and adaptation. 

The Role of ECM

The Extended Classical Mechanics framework provides the theoretical foundation for this idea by extending Newtonian mechanics to include energy–mass duality and momentum exchanges. It treats these physical principles not just as measurable quantities but as functional mechanisms that underpin systemic regulation, coherence, and adaptation. This allows for a physics-based articulation of how the universe's physical dynamics can be understood as an intelligent system.

The "artificial mind of the universe" serves as a conceptual bridge, linking human cognition, machine intelligence, and cosmological processes as diverse examples of the same fundamental physical principles. The theory suggests that intelligence is not unique to biological or human-engineered systems but is a structural property of energy itself, manifesting through the self-organizing processes of the cosmos.