Why is the existence of time before the Big Bang event meaningless?

Soumendra Nath Thakur

In scientific view, 'time' does not exist as a physical entity but rather as a mathematical and abstract concept. Time is the progression of existence and events through the past, present, and future, regarded as a whole. This means that both existence and events are necessary for time to emerge.

The Big Bang theory predicts a primordial, uneventful existence before the Big Bang event, which then unfolded through the first Big Bang event. This implies that time began with the emergence of both existence and events, not just the existence of events alone.

The Big Bang theory does not hint at the occurrence of events before the Big Bang, so any pre-Big Bang existence without events would not give rise to the concept of time.

Therefore, without empirical evidence of events before the Big Bang, it is meaningless to conceptualize time in that context, so time cannot explain what came before the Big Bang when there were no events except uneventful existence.

Update:

The Emergence of Time and the Big Bang: A Synthesis of Events, Existence, and Cosmological Evidence

13 August 2024

Events necessitate the existence of time, rather than time dictating the occurrence of events. The very notion of time emerges only through the presence of events; without events—i.e., without changes in existence—time would hold no significance. In a hypothetical scenario devoid of events, where no change occurs in existence, time would not manifest. Time is, therefore, inherently tied to the occurrence of events, marking the changes within existence. The initiation of the universe, as proposed by the Big Bang, represents the first event, signifying the inception of time itself.

The Big Bang theory postulates a primordial state of uneventful existence preceding the Big Bang event, which catalysed the unfolding of the universe. This suggests that time commenced with the advent of both existence and events, rather than with the mere existence of events. The theory does not suggest the presence of events before the Big Bang; hence, any pre-Big Bang existence without events would not give rise to the concept of time. Consequently, without empirical evidence of events predating the Big Bang, it is futile to conceptualize time in that context, as time cannot account for what preceded the Big Bang in the absence of events.

The assertion that 'the Big Bang is a mathematical calculation based on reverse engineering of an expanding Universe' is an oversimplification.

Three pivotal scientific discoveries strongly underpin the Big Bang theory:

1. Hubble's discovery in the 1920s of the relationship between a galaxy's distance from Earth and its velocity, evidencing the expansion of space.
2. The detection of cosmic microwave background radiation in the 1960s.
3. The observed abundances of elements in the universe.

These discoveries can be succinctly summarized as:

• The redshift of galaxies.
• The cosmic microwave background.
• The distribution of elements.
• The ability to observe the universe's history.

The redshift observed in the light from distant galaxies indicates that the universe is expanding, making distant galaxies appear closer in time. The Big Bang theory predicts the existence of a pervasive 'glow,' detectable as microwave radiation, which has been confirmed by astronomers using orbiting detectors. Furthermore, the chemical elements such as hydrogen and helium, formed shortly after the Big Bang, differ in abundance from those in newer stars, which contain material synthesized by older stars. The evidence from these distant galaxies aligns more consistently with the Big Bang theory than with the steady-state theory.

Time Arises Through Events, Not the Reverse

Events necessitate the existence of time, rather than time dictating the occurrence of events. The very notion of time emerges only through the presence of events; without events—i.e., without changes in existence—time would hold no significance. In a hypothetical scenario devoid of events, where no change occurs in existence, time would not manifest. Time is, therefore, inherently tied to the occurrence of events, marking the changes within existence. The initiation of the universe, as proposed by the Big Bang, represents the first event, signifying the inception of time itself.

#time #event #events

Preconceptions arise from beliefs.

It’s not particularly concerning if many people don’t understand these subjects. What is more troubling is the preconceived notion that these subjects would be deemed baseless if they challenge any aspect of Einstein’s theory of relativity—as if nothing Einstein proposed could be false, which contradicts the scientific principle of falsifiability.

These individuals fail to recognize that by not addressing the inherent flaws in the theory of relativity, they may ultimately hinder the proper advancement of science.

Nevertheless, numerous researchers and scientists around the world appreciate and endorse such subjects, as they possess a deeper understanding of science than most.

It is evident that many people, including some scientists, continue to hold beliefs akin to those in religious systems. However, science is not grounded in belief systems. Even in the 21st century, many remain confined by such belief systems.

Geometric and Mathematical Invalidation of Relativistic Time Dilation:

Soumendra Nath Thakur

07-08-2024

Abstract:

"Clocks are designed to measure time, not time dilation. Time dilation, which exceeds the standard measure of time, reveals a fundamental error in the concept of time. The relationship t(360°) < t'(>360°) demonstrates that relativistic time dilation is a flawed concept."

The study presents geometric analyses showing that the concept of relativistic time dilation is flawed. It examines the design and function of clocks, mathematical relationships, and implications for time measurement, consistently demonstrating that:

• Clocks measure proper time, not time dilation: Any clock, whether mechanical, digital, or atomic, is designed to measure proper time in its own frame of reference and does not account for relativistic time dilation effects directly.

• Time dilation results in a longer duration than the proper time scale: Time dilation leads to a longer duration compared to the proper time experienced by a clock, emphasizing a deviation from the standard time measurement.

• Proper time t is less than dilated time t′, and adding a time interval to t does not produce t′: The inequality  t(360°) < t′(>360°) highlights that proper time is less than dilated time, and adding a time interval Δt to proper time t does not yield the dilated time t′.

• This suggests that time dilation is a common error in measuring time: The study proposes that time dilation may be a misinterpretation or error in time measurement rather than a true relativistic effect.

• The concept of relativistic time dilation is flawed: The study validly presents that the relativistic time dilation concept, as presented in relativity theory, is flawed based on geometric and mathematical analyses.

• Relativistic Time Dilation Formula: The formula t′ = t/√(1 -v²/c²) illustrates a non-linear relationship between t and t′. It shows how t′ changes non-uniformly with t as the velocity v varies.

• Relativistic Gravitational Time Dilation Formula: The formula t′ = t/√(1-2GM/rc²) also reveals a non-linear relationship between t and t′. Here, t′ changes non-uniformly with t as the radial coordinate r - the distance from the centre of a spherically symmetric mass - varies.

• Non-Linear Nature: Both formulas confirm that t′ is not a linear function of t. As v approaches the speed of light c, t′ increases more dramatically, and similarly, as r varies, t′ changes non-uniformly with t. This validates the study's assertion regarding the non-linear nature of time dilation.

Keywords:

Clocks, Proper time, Time dilation, Time scale, Mathematical inequality, Relative motion, Mathematical reasoning, Geometric reasoning,

Soumendra Nath Thakur

ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803

Tagore's Electronic Lab, WB, India.

postmasterenator@gmail.com

postmasterenator@telitnetwork.in

Declarations:

No specific funding was received for this work.

No potential competing interests to declare. 

Introduction:

The concept of relativistic time dilation, a fundamental aspect of Einstein’s theory of relativity, posits that time intervals measured by a moving clock are longer than those measured by a stationary clock. This notion, however, has been subjected to scrutiny in the present study. The focus here is on the design and function of clocks, mathematical relationships, and the implications of these factors on time measurement.

Clocks, regardless of their type - be it mechanical, digital, or atomic - are inherently designed to measure proper time. Proper time is the time experienced in the clock's own frame of reference and is not intended to account for relativistic effects such as time dilation. The study asserts that time dilation, which implies a discrepancy between proper time and the observed time for a moving clock is a significant deviation from the standard time scale.

Mathematical analyses reveal that the relationship between proper time and dilated time can be represented as t(360°) < t′(>360°), where t denotes proper time and t′ represents dilated time. This inequality illustrates that proper time is less than dilated time, highlighting the relativistic effect of a moving clock running slower compared to a stationary clock. Additionally, the study demonstrates that adding a constant time interval Δt to proper time t does not yield dilated time t′. Dilated time t′ is fundamentally different and longer due to relative motion or gravitational potential difference, reflecting the non-linearity and complexities involved in time dilation phenomena.

Through these geometric and mathematical analyses, the study challenges the validity of relativistic time dilation. It proposes that the observed differences between proper time and dilated time may be misinterpretations or errors in the measurement of time. The study concludes that the concept of relativistic time dilation, as presented in relativity theory, is flawed, based on the presented reasoning and calculations.

Methods

Geometric and Mathematical Analysis

1. Clock Function and Design:

Objective: To evaluate the fundamental function of clocks and their relation to time dilation.

Approach: Analyse various types of clocks (mechanical, digital, atomic) to understand their design to measure proper time. Proper time is defined as the time experienced in the clock's own frame of reference, not accounting for relativistic effects.

2. Mathematical Relationships:

Objective: To assess the mathematical representation of time dilation and its deviation from the standard time scale.

• Inequality Analysis:

Compared proper time t with dilated time t′ using the inequality t(360°) < t′(>360°). Here, t represents proper time measured by a stationary clock, and t′ represents the dilated time experienced by a moving clock. This inequality illustrates that dilated time is greater than proper time.

• Addition of Time Interval:

Investigate the relationship between proper time t, dilated time t′, and an additional time interval Δt using the expression t+Δt ≠ t′. This analysis aims to show that dilated time t′ is fundamentally different and longer than proper time t, and cannot be derived by simply adding Δt to t.

3. Geometric Considerations:

Objective: To explore how geometric reasoning supports the analysis of time dilation.

Method: Examine the geometric representation of time intervals and their changes due to relative motion, highlighting how these representations differ from the standard clock-based measurements of proper time.

4. Error Analysis:

Objective: To determine if observed discrepancies between proper time and dilated time can be attributed to measurement errors.

Method: Evaluated how the perceived time dilation might be a result of misinterpretation of proper time measurement rather than a fundamental relativistic effect.

5. Conclusion and Implications:

Objective: To draw conclusions on the validity of relativistic time dilation based on geometric and mathematical analyses.

Method: Summarize findings and assess whether the observed differences between proper time and dilated time validate the claim that relativistic time dilation is flawed. Provide a rationale based on mathematical inequalities and geometric reasoning.

Geometric analyses and Mathematical Presentation:

• Clock Design and Time Dilation: Any clock is designed to measure proper time, not time dilation. This emphasizes that clocks measure proper time within their frame of reference, irrespective of relativistic effects.

• Time Dilation Magnitude: Time dilation is greater than the time scale. This indicates that the relativistic effect of time dilation is more pronounced compared to the standard time scale.

• Mathematical Representation: The expression t(360°) < t′(>360°) highlights that proper time t is less than dilated time t′, illustrating that t′ exceeds t.

• Non-Equivalence of Time Intervals: The statement t+Δt ≠ t′; t′ >t shows that adding a time interval Δt to proper time t does not result in dilated time t′, underlining that time dilation is a distinct and longer duration.

• The study reveals time dilation as a common error in time measurement, attributing it to misinterpretation, inequality, and non-derivability of dilated time. It invalidates relativistic time dilation, suggesting measurement errors rather than genuine relativistic effects.

• Re-evaluation of Time Dilation: The study reveals time dilation as a common error in time measurement, attributing it to misinterpretation, inequality, and non-derivability of dilated time. It invalidates relativistic time dilation, suggesting measurement errors rather than genuine relativistic effects.

• Relativistic Time Dilation Formula: The formula t′ = t/√(1 -v²/c²) illustrates a non-linear relationship between t and t′ showing that t′ changes non-uniformly with t as velocity v varies.

• Relativistic Gravitational Time Dilation Formula: The formula t′ = t/√(1-2GM/rc²) also reveals a non-linear relationship between t and t′. Here, t′ changes non-uniformly with t as the radial coordinate r - the distance from the centre of a spherically symmetric mass - varies.

• Non-Linear Nature: Both formulas confirm that t′ is not a linear function of t. As v approaches the speed of light c, t′ increases more dramatically. Similarly, as r varies, t′ changes non-uniformly with t. This validates the study's assertion regarding the non-linear nature of time dilation.

Description of the statements:

1. Clock Design and Time Dilation:

Any clock is designed to measure proper time, not time dilation. This emphasizes that clocks -whether mechanical, digital, or atomic - are constructed to measure and display proper time, which is the time experienced in the clock's own frame of reference. They are not inherently designed to measure or show time dilation, which is a relativistic effect observed from a different frame of reference. Thus, the design of clocks to represent proper time remains unchanged, regardless of the frame of reference.

2. Time Dilation Magnitude:

Time dilation is greater than the time scale. This suggests that the effects of time dilation (the difference between proper time and dilated time) are more pronounced compared to the standard measurement of time intervals. In other words, time dilation represents a significant deviation from proper time when compared to the standard time scale.

3. Mathematical Representation:

Expression 1: t (360°) < t′ (>360°). Where: t is proper time and t′ is dilated time or time dilation. This statement specifies that:

• t (proper time) corresponds to a complete cycle (360°) as measured by a stationary clock.

• t′ (dilated time) corresponds to a period longer than one complete cycle (>360°) due to relative motion.

The inequality t(360°) < t′(>360°) illustrates that proper time is less than dilated time, highlighting that a moving clock (dilated time) appears to run slower compared to a stationary clock (proper time). This uses a geometric analogy, where a full rotation of a clock (360°) represents the proper time t. Time dilation t′ is depicted as exceeding this scale (>360°), indicating that dilated time is always longer than proper time.

4. Non-Equivalence of Time Intervals:

Expression 2: t+Δt ≠ t′; t′ >t, where t is proper time and t′ is dilated time or time dilation and Δt represents a change in time interval. This statement indicates that:

• Adding an additional time interval Δt to proper time t does not yield the dilated time t′.

• t′ (dilated time) is greater than t (proper time).

This shows that time dilation cannot be accounted for merely by adding a constant interval to proper time. Instead, it results in a fundamentally different and longer duration due to relativistic effects. Thus, adding a time interval Δt to proper time t does not produce t′, underscoring that time dilation is not simply an extension of proper time.

5. Error in Time Dilation:

The analysis suggests that the concept of time dilation introduces discrepancies in the measurement of time, indicating it as an erroneous interpretation when compared to proper time.

6. Relativistic Time Dilation Formula:

The relativistic time dilation formula t′ = t/√(1 -v²/c²)  illustrates the non-linear relationship between t and t′. This formula demonstrates how t′ changes in a non-uniform manner relative to t as the velocity v varies.

7. Relativistic Gravitational Time Dilation Formula:

The relativistic gravitational time dilation formula t′ = t/√(1-2GM/rc²) also reveals a non-linear relationship between t and t′. In this formula:

t′ (dilated time) changes non-uniformly with t (proper time) as the radial coordinate r (the distance from the centre of a spherically symmetric mass) varies.

The non-linearity becomes more pronounced as r changes, showing that t′ increases or decreases in a non-linear manner relative to t, reflecting the influence of gravitational effects on time measurement.

8. Non-Linear Nature of Time Dilation:

Both the relativistic time dilation formula and the gravitational time dilation formula confirm that t′ is not a linear function of t. As v approaches the speed of light c, t′ increases more dramatically. Similarly, as r varies, t′ changes non-uniformly with t. This validates the study's assertion regarding the non-linear nature of time dilation.

Discussion

The study offers a critical analysis of the relativistic time dilation concept by applying geometric and mathematical reasoning. This discussion aims to interpret the findings, assess their implications, and explore their impact on the broader understanding of time dilation in the context of relativity theory.

1. Evaluation of Clock Design and Function

The study begins by emphasizing that clocks, regardless of their type (mechanical, digital, or atomic), are fundamentally designed to measure proper time. Proper time is defined as the time experienced in the clock's own frame of reference and is not inherently intended to account for relativistic effects such as time dilation. This assertion reinforces the idea that clocks are calibrated to measure time intervals as experienced locally, without direct consideration of relativistic effects.

2. Mathematical Analysis of Time Dilation

The core mathematical analysis provided in the study involves two key components:

Inequality Analysis:

The inequality t (360°) < t′ (>360°), where t represents proper time and t′ denotes dilated time, illustrates that the proper time measured by a stationary clock is less than the dilated time experienced by a moving clock. This result supports the notion that time dilation implies a difference in time measurement between stationary and moving clocks, with the moving clock recording a longer duration.

Addition of Time Interval:

The study examines whether adding a constant time interval Δt to proper time t yields the dilated time t′. The finding that t+Δt ≠ t′ suggests that dilated time is fundamentally different from proper time and cannot be accounted for merely by adding a time interval. This observation challenges the notion that time dilation can be simply modelled as a straightforward extension of proper time.

3. Geometric Reasoning and Misinterpretation

The geometric analysis further supports the argument that relativistic time dilation is flawed. By examining how time intervals are represented geometrically, the study highlights discrepancies between the time observed by a moving clock and the time measured by a stationary clock. These geometric considerations suggest that what is perceived as time dilation results from misinterpretations of proper time measurements rather than an inherent relativistic effect.

4. Implications for Relativity Theory

The study’s findings raise important questions about the validity of relativistic time dilation as presented in Einstein's theory of relativity. If time dilation is indeed a misinterpretation of proper time, as suggested, this challenges the accuracy of relativistic models that rely on time dilation to explain various physical phenomena. The implications of this reassessment could potentially affect our understanding of relativistic effects and prompt a re-evaluation of related theories and experiments.

5. Concluding Thoughts

While empirical evidence supports relativity theory, this study provides robust mathematical, empirical, and physical geometric analyses challenging the concept of relativistic time dilation. Further research and empirical validation are needed to assess the extent to which the study’s conclusions impact the broader understanding of time dilation and relativity. The study's geometric analyses and mathematical presentations offer valuable perspectives that contribute to ongoing discussions in theoretical physics and may inspire further investigation into the nature of time and its measurement.

Conclusion

This study critically examines the concept of relativistic time dilation through geometric and mathematical analyses, revealing significant flaws in the conventional understanding. The key findings highlight that:

1. Clock Design and Function: Clocks, regardless of their type (mechanical, digital, or atomic), are inherently designed to measure proper time within their own frame of reference and are not intended to account for relativistic effects such as time dilation.

2. Mathematical Analysis: The study demonstrates that proper time t is always less than dilated time t′, with the inequality t (360°) < t′ (>360°) emphasizing that dilated time exceeds proper time. Furthermore, adding a constant time interval Δt to proper time t does not produce dilated time t′, underscoring that time dilation is not merely an extension of proper time.

3. Geometric Considerations:

Geometric analyses suggest that what is perceived as time dilation may arise from misinterpretations of proper time measurements rather than genuine relativistic effects. This raises questions about the validity of the relativistic models that depend on time dilation.

4. Implications for Relativity Theory:

The study's findings challenge the accuracy of relativistic time dilation, as described in Einstein’s theory of relativity. If time dilation is indeed a misinterpretation, this could prompt a re-evaluation of related theories and experimental results.

Note: The geometric analysis on a 360° clock dial provided empirical evidence for the study, confirming the conclusions drawn from geometric and mathematical reasoning.

In conclusion, while relativity theory remains a cornerstone of modern physics, the study offers valuable insights that question the conventional understanding of time dilation. The geometric and mathematical analyses presented advocate for a re-examination of time dilation and its implications, suggesting that further research is needed to validate these conclusions and refine our understanding of time measurement and relativistic effects.

The study presents a logically consistent critique of relativistic time dilation through geometric and mathematical analysis. The geometric analysis on a 360° clock dial is presented as valid empirical evidence, supporting the conclusions drawn from both geometric and mathematical reasoning. This confirms that time, fundamentally an abstract concept, emerges from events and is not dilatable. The so-called extensive experimental evidence supporting relativistic time dilation is demonstrated to be biased experiments and preconceptions on fundamental grounds.

References:

Piezoelectric Crystal Oscillators and Various Effects on Material Deformation:

Soumendra Nath Thakur

ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803

05-08-2024

Abstract:

This paper explores the role of piezoelectric crystal oscillators in understanding various effects on material deformation. Piezoelectric crystals, such as quartz, are pivotal in electronic oscillator circuits due to their ability to generate an electric charge in response to mechanical stress, a property known as inverse piezoelectricity. The study examines how these oscillators operate with a high Q factor, providing stable frequency oscillations influenced by factors like mechanical deformation, temperature, and gravitational potential differences. The paper also discusses the relationship between wave distortions and time distortions due to relativistic effects, highlighting that wavelength distortions, caused by phase shifts in frequency, are directly linked to time distortions through the relationship λ ∝ T. Additionally, the analysis includes a comparison of theoretical concepts with practical observations from atomic clocks and the effects of phase shifts on time distortions in different frequency ranges.

Keywords: 

Piezoelectric Effect, Crystal Oscillators, Inverse Piezoelectricity, Frequency Stability, Relativistic Effects, Time Distortion, Wave Distortions, Material Deformation, Mechanical Stress, Gravitational Potential, Temperature Effects, Atomic Clocks, Phase Shifts, Q Factor,

The Piezoelectric Effect is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses a piezoelectric crystal as a frequency-selective element. It relies on the slight change in shape of a quartz crystal under an electric field, a property known as inverse piezoelectricity. A voltage applied to the electrodes on the crystal causes it to change shape; when the voltage is removed, the crystal generates a small voltage as it elastically returns to its original shape. The quartz oscillates at a stable resonant frequency, behaving like an RLC circuit but with a much higher Q factor (less energy loss on each cycle of oscillation). Once a quartz crystal is adjusted to a particular frequency (which is affected by the mass of electrodes attached to the crystal, the orientation of the crystal, temperature, and other factors), it maintains that frequency with high stability.

Relativistic effects, such as speed or gravity of real events, cannot interact with the proper time (t) referred to in the fourth dimension. Relativistic effects, such as the speed or gravity of real events, cannot interact with the proper time (t) referred to in the fourth dimension. The term 1/√1-v²/c² in the equation of time dilation does not influence or interact with the proper time (t) to cause time dilation (t′). Wave distortions correspond to time distortions due to relativistic effects. Wavelength distortions, caused by phase shifts in relative frequencies, correspond exactly to time distortion through the relationship λ∝T.

Piezoelectric crystal oscillators demonstrate that errors in waves correspond to time shifts due to relativistic effects, mechanical deformation, motion, gravitational potential differences, and temperature. These oscillators show that wave changes correspond to time shifts under these conditions.

Piezoelectric crystals follow the equations F = ma and F = kΔL. Specifically, piezoelectric crystals also adhere to F𝑔 = G (m₁m₂)r², where m₂ is the mass of the piezoelectric material. Even very small changes in mechanical force or gravitational forces (G-force) cause internal particles of matter to interact, leading to stresses and associated deformations in the internal matter.

Material deformation can occur due to various causes, including:

• Wavelength distortions due to phase shifts in frequency.

• Mechanical forces causing stresses.

• Gravitational potential differences and forces.

• Relativistic effects.

• Temperature changes, causing thermal expansion, contraction, and stress.

• Electromagnetic forces, such as electric and magnetic fields.

• Chemical reactions, including corrosion and oxidation.

• Pressure, including hydrostatic and atmospheric pressure.

• Radiation, such as ionizing radiation and radiation pressure.

• Environmental factors, such as moisture and freeze-thaw cycles.

• Manufacturing processes, such as welding, casting, or machining, which can introduce residual stresses over time.

These causes correspond to time distortion in oscillation through the relationship λ∝T.

Applicable equations include:

F = ma, 

F = kΔL, 

F𝑔 = G (m₁m₂)/r².

The wave equation, in combination with the Planck equation, has successfully identified distorted frequencies due to the relativistic effect that has the influence factor. Therefore, events invoke time but not vice versa. What special relativity represents in time dilation is not time, and time dilation does not involve actual time. It is rather an error in the clock oscillation.

An atomic clock, which measures time by monitoring the resonant frequency of atoms, is based on the principle that electron states in an atom are associated with different energy levels. In transitions between such states, they interact with a very specific frequency of electromagnetic radiation. This phenomenon serves as the basis for the International System of Units' (SI) definition of a second: The second, symbol s, is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency, Δvcꜱ,  the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the cesium-133 atom, to be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to to s⁻¹.

Phase Shift and Time Distortion:

The time interval T𝑑𝑒𝑔 for 1° of phase is inversely proportional to the frequency (f). For example, a 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz wave corresponds to a time shift of 555 picoseconds (ps).

For a wave of frequency f = 5 MHz

1° of phase shift = 1/360f

T𝑑𝑒𝑔 = 1/(360 × 5 × 10⁶),

T𝑑𝑒𝑔 = 555 ps.

Therefore, for 1° phase shift for a wave with frequency f = 5 MHz the time shift (Δt) is 555 ps.

Moreover, for a 360° phase shift or 1 complete cycle for a wave having frequency 1Hz of a 9192631770 Hz wave, the time shift (Δt) is approximately 0.0000001087827757077666 ms.

For a 1455.50° phase shift or 4.04 cycles of a 9192631770 Hz wave, the time shift (Δt) is approximately 0.0000004398148148148148 ms or 38 microseconds per day.

Applicable Equations:

1° phase shift

T𝑑𝑒𝑔 = 1/360f.

For a 1° time shift/distortion:

Δt = 1/360f.

Where:

• Δt is the time shift/distortion for 1 degree phase shift.

For an x° time shift/distortion:

Δtₓ = x(1/360f).

Where:

• Δtₓ is the time shift/distortion for x degrees, 

• x is the number of degrees of phase shift.

#PiezoelectricEffect, #CrystalOscillators, #InversePiezoelectricity, #FrequencyStability, #RelativisticEffects, #TimeDistortion, #WaveDistortions,#MaterialDeformation, #MechanicalStress, #GravitationalPotential, #TemperatureEffects, #AtomicClocks, #PhaseShifts, #QFactor,

Erroneous Transformations: Lorentz Factor in Classical Mechanics

Soumendra Nath Thakur

ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803

05-08-2024

Abstract:

The Lorentz factor,  γ = 1/√(1-v²/c²), is a mathematical construct developed by Hendrik Lorentz and later incorporated into Albert Einstein's theory of special relativity. This factor, along with its associated transformations, introduces concepts specific to relativistic mechanics that deviate from classical mechanics. While the Lorentz factor and transformations are integral to special relativity, they can be seen as "simple transformations" within relativity, contrasting with the "deformations" observed in classical mechanics. Classical mechanics remains effective in describing motion and gravitational interactions, even at speeds approaching the speed of light, as evidenced by research on the Coma cluster of galaxies by A. D. Chernin et al., which integrates classical mechanics with considerations of dark energy and local dynamical effects. The Lorentz factor’s role in special relativity highlights the non-intuitive modifications introduced by relativity to classical concepts. Ultimately, it serves as a mathematical tool rather than a physical theory, reflecting Einstein's unconventional integration of mathematical concepts into physical theory.

(Here comes the explanation, proof, and examples for the above statement...)