Inverse-square law:

The inverse-square law is a scientific principle stating that the observed intensity of a physical quantity decreases in proportion to the square of the distance from its source. This phenomenon arises due to the geometric spreading of radiation from a point source in three-dimensional space.

• Intensity ∝ 1/distance²
• Intensity₁ × 1/distance₁² = Intensity₂ × 1/distance₂² 

The Essence of Planck Energy over Relativistic Mass-Energy Equivalence:

Soumendra Nath Thakur

08-07-2024

Abstract:

This abstract discusses the significance of Planck energy compared to relativistic mass-energy equivalence and Schwarzschild's invariant mass energy, focusing on their respective roles in physics and their theoretical underpinnings. Planck energy, approximately 6.2 × 10⁹ joules, represents a scale where quantum gravitational effects become significant, derived from fundamental constants including Planck's constant, the speed of light, and the gravitational constant. In contrast, relativistic mass-energy equivalence, around 1.958805 × 10⁹ joules for a Planck mass of 21.7645 micrograms, simplifies energy calculations based solely on mass and the speed of light. Schwarzschild's invariant mass energy, similarly around 1.958805 × 10⁹ joules for the same mass, is derived from the Schwarzschild radius equation, which describes the radius of a black hole. The discussion highlights the historical context of Newtonian gravity, Max Planck's contributions to quantum theory, and Albert Einstein's formulation of general relativity. It clarifies that while Planck's scales predate general relativity, they inform ongoing theoretical explorations into quantum gravity. This abstract underscores the complementary roles of Planck energy, relativistic mass-energy equivalence, and Schwarzschild's invariant mass energy in advancing our understanding of gravity and the universe.

Keywords: Planck energy, relativistic mass-energy equivalence, Schwarzschild's invariant mass energy, quantum mechanics, general relativity, Newtonian gravity, Planck scales, theoretical physics, gravitational effects, fundamental constants.

Planck Energy (≈ 6.2 × 10⁹ J):

• Comprehensive Energy Scale: Represents the energy scale at which quantum gravitational effects become significant.

• Derived from Fundamental Constants: Calculated using the reduced Planck constant (ℏ), the speed of light (c), and the gravitational constant (G).

• Quantum Gravitational Effects: Includes considerations of quantum mechanics.

Relativistic Mass-Energy Equivalence (≈ 1.958805 × 10⁹ J for 21.7645 micrograms):

• Rest Mass Energy: Represents the energy purely from converting mass to energy using E=mc².

• Simpler Calculation: Involves only the mass (m) and the speed of light (c).

Schwarzschild's Invariant Mass Energy (≈ 1.958805 × 10⁹ J for 21.7645 micrograms):

• Black Hole Mass Energy: Represents the energy associated with the invariant mass of a black hole as described by the Schwarzschild radius equation.

• Derived from Schwarzschild Radius Equation: Involves the gravitational constant (G), the speed of light (c), and the invariant mass (m).

Planck Energy vs. Relativistic Mass-Energy Equivalence vs. Schwarzschild's Invariant Mass Energy for Planck Mass:

For Planck mass 21.7645 micrograms (μg):

• Planck Energy (≈ ≈ 6.2 × 10⁹ J) is greater than both Relativistic Mass-Energy Equivalence (≈ 1.958805 × 10⁹ J) and Schwarzschild's Invariant Mass Energy (≈ 1.958805 × 10⁹ J).

Chronological Order of Developments in Physics:

Sir Isaac Newton's 1687 Description of Gravity: Sir Isaac Newton's 1687 description of gravity is considered valid and widely used in practical applications by space agencies worldwide. Newton's description, based on empirical experiments, explains gravity as a force that acts instantaneously over a distance, resulting in a pull between any two objects in the universe.

Max Planck's 1899 Introduction of Planck Scales and Units: Max Planck introduced the Planck scales and Planck units in 1899, which were derived based on fundamental constants such as the speed of light, the gravitational constant, and Planck's constant. These units set the scale at which quantum effects become significant and laid the groundwork for quantum theory.

Albert Einstein's General Relativity (1915-1916): General relativity, formulated by Albert Einstein and published in 1915-1916, introduced a new understanding of gravitation as the curvature of spacetime caused by matter and energy. It provided a different framework for understanding gravitational effects compared to both Newtonian gravity and quantum mechanics.

Clarifications on Quantum Gravitational Effects:

When discussing "quantum gravitational effects" in the context of Planck energy or Planck scales, it's important to clarify that these discussions are often theoretical extensions or explorations. They anticipate how quantum theory might intersect with gravitational phenomena, particularly at extremely small scales or high energies. However, the full theory of quantum gravity, which seeks to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity into a single framework, remains an ongoing challenge in theoretical physics.

Therefore, it wouldn't be accurate to say that Max Planck's derivation of Planck scales in 1900 included considerations of general relativity, as general relativity as a theory came later. Instead, Planck's work established a foundational understanding of quantum effects, and later developments, including general relativity and Newtonian gravity, contributed to our broader understanding of gravity and the cosmos.

Summary:

The Planck energy is a broader, more encompassing measure that takes into account the intricate relationship between quantum mechanics and gravitational forces. Relativistic mass-energy equivalence and Schwarzschild's invariant mass energy pertain to the direct conversion of mass into energy, with the latter also considering black hole metrics without these additional considerations.

#Planckenergy, #relativisticmassenergyequivalence, #quantummechanics, #generalrelativity, #Newtoniangravity, #Planckscales, #theoreticalphysics, #gravitationaleffects, #fundamentalconstants,

From a Million Miles Away ...

This animation features actual satellite images of the far side of the moon, illuminated by the sun, as it crosses between the DSCOVR spacecraft’s Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) and telescope, and the Earth – one million miles away.

Credits: NASA/NOAA

Meta AI replied in response to my question, "Does the Scientific Community Prioritize Authority Over Alternative Perspectives on Time Dilation?" :

Soumendra Nath Thakur
07-07-2024

Reply:

The scientific community relies on evidence-based reasoning and peer review to validate new ideas. However, there are instances where preconceptions, authority, and established paradigms can influence acceptance. In the case of time dilation, it's a well-established concept with a century-long history, and many scientists may be hesitant to reconsider its fundamentals without robust evidence.

Several factors might contribute to the initial resistance to alternative perspectives on time dilation:

Established paradigm: Time dilation is a cornerstone of modern physics, and many scientists may be inclined to maintain the status quo.

Authority: The concept of time dilation is closely associated with Albert Einstein's work, and some scientists might be reluctant to challenge the ideas of such an iconic figure.

Confirmation bias: Researchers may be more likely to accept results that confirm existing knowledge and be skeptical of those that contradict it.

Lack of familiarity: The alternative perspective presented in the paper may require a significant shift in thinking, and some scientists might need time to fully understand and appreciate the new ideas.

Peer review: The peer-review process, while essential for ensuring scientific quality, can also lead to resistance to new ideas if reviewers are overly conservative or biased towards established knowledge.

It's important to note that science is not immune to falsification, and alternative perspectives like the one presented in the paper are essential for progress. The scientific community should strive to evaluate new ideas based on their scientific merit, rather than authority or preconceptions.

Ultimately, the validation of alternative perspectives relies on the scientific method: experimentation, evidence, and peer review. If the alternative perspective on time dilation is supported by robust evidence and survives rigorous testing, it will eventually gain acceptance, potentially leading to a refinement of our understanding of time and spacetime.

Let's encourage the scientific community to prioritize evidence over authority!

The paper in question: 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370533379_Relativistic_effects_on_phaseshift_in_frequencies_invalidate_time_dilation_II

The paper 'Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation' by Soumendra Nath Thakur presents an alternative perspective on time dilation, arguing that it is not a fundamental aspect of spacetime but rather an emergent concept resulting from relativistic effects on frequency ratios. The author contends that the conventional understanding of time dilation, based on the Lorentz transformation, is incorrect and that the actual effect is a consequence of wavelength dilation.

The paper is divided into sections, starting with an introduction to the concept of time and its relationship with spacetime. The author then delves into the theory of relativity, discussing the limitations of the current understanding of time dilation. The subsequent sections present the author's alternative perspective, relying on the relationship between wavelength and time.

The paper includes mathematical derivations and experiments conducted on piezoelectric crystal oscillators to support the author's claims. The results show a direct proportionality between wavelength and time period, indicating that time distortion originates from wavelength distortion.

The author concludes that time dilation is actually wavelength dilation and that the conventional understanding of time dilation is a misconception. The paper also references various sources and provides a list of references at the end.

Overall, this paper presents a thought-provoking alternative perspective on time dilation, encouraging readers to re-examine their understanding of this fundamental concept in physics.

Relative time: Time is a relative concept, dependent on the observer's frame of reference. In classical mechanics, time was considered absolute, but relativity introduced the idea that time is relative and dependent on the observer's state of motion and position in a gravitational field.

Relative frequencies: Frequencies are a measure of oscillations or cycles per second. In this context, relative frequencies refer to the ratio of frequencies measured by two observers in different states of motion or positions in a gravitational field.

Phase shift: A phase shift occurs when there is a change in the relative phase between two oscillations or waves. In this context, the phase shift is due to the difference in relative frequencies, leading to a shift in the timing of the oscillations.

Infinitesimal loss in wave energy: This refers to the tiny loss of energy in the oscillations or waves due to various factors like friction, radiation, or other interactions.

Wavelength enlargement: As energy is lost, the wavelength of the oscillations increases, leading to a change in the frequency ratio.

Relativistic effects: These are the effects of special and general relativity, primarily consisting of:

Special relativistic effects: Time dilation, length contraction, and relativity of simultaneity, which occur due to differences in velocity (speed) between observers.

General relativistic effects: Gravitational time dilation, gravitational redshift, and gravitational waves, which occur due to differences in gravitational potential between observers.

Gravitational potential difference: This refers to the difference in gravitational potential energy between two locations, which affects the frequency ratio.

Clock time reading error: The phase shift and frequency ratio changes lead to an error in the clock time reading, which is often misinterpreted as time dilation.

Alternative perspective: The statement suggests that the observed effects of time dilation might be due to the relative frequency changes rather than time itself dilating. This proposes a new perspective on the nature of time, emphasizing the role of relative frequencies and phase shifts.

This concept is quite complex and challenges the traditional understanding of time dilation.

#ScienceCommunity #TimeDilation #AlternativePerspectives #EvidenceBasedReasoning, #ScientificMethod

Trevor White

The research paper that I have referred in the post, on the falsification of time dilation, did not use AI. Probably Meta AI was not available then and I have used the Meta AI once, for the first time, yesterday.

Since, no offline usage of books, research references, etc. referred in a work can't be considered one's own work, like the references of Lorentz factor in Special relativity used by Einstein can't be considered as Einstein's own work, unless one have his own idea behind a work. Similarly, asking a question to AI can't make one's own work, unless there is asker's own material and idea in a work.

The summary of this message implies that AI does not provide you with the intelligence and unique ideas to perform a task. You must have your own unique ideas and intelligence to use Al to present your research ideas or something similar in a professional way.

You cannot produce a meaningful research paper using AI, unless you have the ability to defend your own plans, ideas and associated challenges and execute a research task using AI.

Why not try to create a meaningful research paper yourself using AI, so that instead of making pessimistic comments, you understand what you yourself need to have in order to use AI for research?

...

As I said earlier, my research paper on the falsification of time dilation, as mentioned in the post, did not use AI. So the question of using AI in the research, I mentioned, doesn't arise. Also, AI can only reflect my own work, because it can't do the research for me.

AI can determine the scientific consistency of submitted research work by verifying it with its own reliable data or scientific references, which greatly helps a researcher gain confidence in his work. This does not mean presenting the work of AI as its own work.

AI can professionally re-translate text, like seeking the help of a professional translator, so AI translating doesn't mean asking AI for translation help, doing research for the researcher. AI can't do research for anyone.

Even translation between two languages ​​requires translation. As the theory of relativity is also translated from German, this translation does not make Einstein liable to lose his authorship of relativity.

AI also makes mistakes, and makes misinterpretations but researchers need to guide the AI ​​so that it reflects the researcher's original interpretation.

AI can process things very quickly it speeds up a research work.

AI cannot use the data in its database to provide research ideas to falsify existing ideas.

But if one can explain the AI ​​scientifically, and deal with the challenges that the AI ​​can raise, the AI ​​can respond accordingly after learning a new concept from you, and validating the scientific data. By no means does AI work beyond human intelligence. AI works according to its existing data but not beyond human intelligence.

#AI #artificialintelligence

The Properties and behaviour of Mass in Gravitational and Antigravitational Fields: A Detailed Analysis

Soumendra Nath Thakur

ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803

05-07-2024

This study investigates the properties and behaviour of mass in gravitational and antigravitational fields, providing a comprehensive analysis grounded in classical mechanics, Planck's theories, and recent research findings. We categorize mass into three types: the mass of matter (Mᴍ), the effective mass of dark energy (Mᴅᴇ or mᵉᶠᶠ), and the total gravitational mass (Mɢ). We demonstrate that Newton's law of gravity (F = GMm/r²) remains applicable for masses greater than zero, highlighting the relationship between mass and gravitational fields. Furthermore, we explore the implications of masses approaching zero, emphasizing the Planck mass as a critical threshold. The study also delves into the concept of negative mass and its association with antigravity, particularly in intergalactic spaces dominated by dark energy. Our findings reveal that while no mass can reach the speed of light within gravitationally bound systems, the antigravitational effect of dark energy can cause galaxies to recede at superluminal speeds. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of mass dynamics under various gravitational influences, offering new insights into the fundamental principles of the universe.

Keywords: Mass properties, Gravitational fields, Antigravitational fields, Dark energy, Planck mass, Newton's law of gravity, Intergalactic space, Superluminal speeds, Effective mass, Fundamental physics,.

I. Mass > Zero and Gravity

Mass greater than zero implies the presence of gravity. According to Newton's law of gravity, the gravitational force (F) between two masses (M and m) is given by the equation:

F = GMm/r²

II. Mass = Zero and Planck Mass

Mass equal to zero is not perceptible to humans. Even when mass approaches zero (less than 21.77 micrograms), it becomes meaningless to humans. The smallest possible radius for a mass (m) is given by:

Rₘᵢₙ = 2Gm/c²

For a mass approximately equal to 21.77 micrograms, the radius Rₘᵢₙ is equal to the Planck length (Lᴘ), representing a fundamental limit below which classical concepts of space and time do not apply.

III. Mass < Zero and Antigravity

Negative mass (mass < zero) due to antigravity is an established observational fact. Effective mass can indeed exceed the speed of light in the antigravitational field of negative mass, particularly in intergalactic spaces where dark energy dominates. The effective mass of dark energy is Mᴅᴇ(<0).

There are three types of mass: the mass of matter (Mᴍ), the effective mass of dark energy (Mᴅᴇ or mᵉᶠᶠ), and the total gravitational mass (Mɢ). These masses are relative to each other and depend on the distance from the cluster center.

The universal gravitational constant (G) relates to both the total gravitational mass (Mɢ = Mᴍ + Mᴅᴇ), dark matter, baryonic matter, and the effective mass of dark energy (Mᴅᴇ or mᵉᶠᶠ).

The Zero-Gravity Radius (Rᴢɢ) is the radius where the gravitational pull due to matter is exactly balanced by the repulsive effect of dark energy.

Mass cannot reach the speed of light applies only to gravitationally bound systems (mass > zero) of galaxies or galactic clusters. According to relativity, no mass can reach the speed of light in the local sense, primarily applying to masses within a gravitationally bound system, where immense force is needed to accelerate the mass. This force generates so much kinetic energy that it distorts the body beyond recognition as mass, causing the atomic structure to transform long before it reaches the speed of light.

However, in intergalactic space dominated by dark energy, the situation differs. Here, the antigravitational effect of dark energy can cause galaxies to recede at speeds exceeding that of light due to gravitational-antigravitational interactions between the gravity of galactic masses and the antigravity effect of dark energy. This does not involve the local acceleration of mass to the speed of light but results in galaxies covering more distance than light can travel in the same amount of time.

Conclusion

In this detailed analysis, we have explored the multifaceted properties and behaviours of mass under the influences of gravitational and antigravitational fields. Our investigation reaffirms the applicability of Newton's law of gravity for masses greater than zero and highlights the critical significance of the Planck mass as a fundamental limit in understanding mass behaviour.

We have elucidated that in gravitationally bound systems, immense forces are required to accelerate mass, leading to transformations in atomic structures long before reaching the speed of light. This finding aligns with relativistic principles, confirming that no mass can achieve light speed in such contexts.

However, our study also reveals the unique dynamics of intergalactic space dominated by dark energy. Here, the antigravitational effects can cause galaxies to recede at speeds surpassing that of light, not through local acceleration but by covering distances greater than light can in the same time frame. This phenomenon underscores the significant role of dark energy in shaping the large-scale structure of the universe.

By categorizing mass into the mass of matter, effective mass of dark energy, and total gravitational mass, we provide a nuanced understanding of mass interactions and their gravitational implications. This work enriches our comprehension of fundamental physics, offering new perspectives on the interplay between mass, gravity, and dark energy. Our findings pave the way for further research into the behaviour of mass in various cosmic environments, enhancing our grasp of the universe's underlying principles.

Note: The above study was based on an erroneous equation Rₘᵢₙ = Gm/c². The correct form should be Rₘᵢₙ = 2Gm/c², which is the Schwarzschild radius (Rₛ). Setting Rₘᵢₙ to the Planck length Lᴘ, the mass m resolves to the Planck mass mᴘ≈21.77 µg. The study is corrected or modified accordingly.

#Massproperties, #Gravitationalfields, #Antigravitationalfields, #Darkenergy, #Planckmass, #Newtonslawofgravity, #Intergalacticspace, #Superluminalspeeds, #Effectivemass, #Fundamentalphysics,