The only consequences of redshift, wavelength dilation and, so called, time dilation, is the phase shift of respective frequencies.

There are three known types of redshifts, - Doppler redshift, gravitational redshift and cosmological redshift.

The corresponding formulas for this redshift are –

•  Z = {λ(obs)-λ(rest)}/λ(rest) ;
•  Z = Δλ/λ₀ and also
•  Z = Δλ/λ₀,

Where,

•  Z denotes the redshift factor which represents the fractional change   in wavelength;
•  λ(obs) represents the observed wavelength of light;
•  λ(rest) represents the rest wavelength of light;
•  Δλ is the change in wavelength of light as observed;
•  λ₀ is the wavelength at the source

We know that gravity interacts with matter and energy. However infinitely small, gravity also interacts with electromagnetism. We also know that the rest energy of matter is affected by gravity; Mechanical stress causes deformation (strain) of matter due to gravitational force. Gravitational forces cause changes in the electromagnetic field of piezoelectric crystals. Electromagnetic fields carry energy, momentum and stresses. A photon expends energy to leave the gravitational well. Gravitational lensing bends the path of light under the influence of gravity.

We also know, the wavelength (λ) of a wave is directly proportional to the time period (T) of the wave (λ∝T), and energy of the wave (E) is directly proportional to the frequency of the wave (E∝f). The time interval for 1° of phase is inversely proportional to the frequency (f). If the frequency of a signal is given by f, then the time t (deg), in seconds, corresponding to 1° of phase is t (deg)  = 1/(360f) = t/360.

The following wave figure-1 represents the corresponding change in frequency energy due to the phase shift of the wave, corresponding to respective wavelength distortions of oscillation.

Fig.-1

The term Red shift can be understood as the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave (light) is stretched or enlarged, so the light is seen as 'shifted' towards the red part of the spectrum. There are at least three kinds of redshifts namely, Doppler redshift, gravitational redshift, and cosmological redshift.

Moreover, relative time emerges from relative frequencies. It is the phase shift in relative frequencies due to infinitesimal loss in wave energy and corresponding enlargement in the wavelengths of oscillations; which occur in any clock between relative locations due to the relativistic effects or difference in gravitational potential; result error in the reading of clock time, which is wrongly presented as time dilation. 

The following wave figure-2 represents time period inversely corresponds to wave frequency. The time interval for 1° of phase is inversely proportional to the frequency (f). If the frequency of a signal is given by f, then the time t (deg), in seconds, corresponding to 1° of phase is t (deg)  = 1/(360f) = t/360. Therefore, a 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz signal corresponds to a time shift of 555 picoseconds (ps), and so on.

Fig.-2.

Conclusion:

Redshifts are the consequence of respective phase shifts of frequencies; corresponding respective wavelength enlargements, and phaseshift also corresponds to, so called, time dilation. Time dilation is rather wavelength dilation.

Reference: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12631.96161

#phaseshift #redshift #wavelengthdilation #timedilation

Gravitational Lensing is due to gain of momentum of the photon, not for wrapped spacetime:

Summary: A photon exchanges momentum as it bypasses a large gravitational well during transit. The photon experiences a change in momentum and its path is bent as it interacts with the gravitational field. A photon simultaneously gains and loses momentum (p) from a gravitational interaction with a massive object. However, a photon maintains its relative path with speed c and covers the same distance (d) as compared to its constant speed. The curvature of the photon's path is understood in terms of the exchange of momentum experienced by the photon.

You've probably asked the question, "What bends light?" or, “What makes a light source bigger?

1. However, your question is about "gravitational lensing" that bends light and makes the source appear larger, from light that comes from a single star or an entire galaxy..

2. In fact gravitational lensing itself implies that it is a phenomenon of gravitational interaction with light. But relativity misrepresents that such gravitational lensing is due to bent or warped spacetime. However, it should be field interaction. You can see my contention here in my post.

3. Also, I will give an accurate representation of space and time in light of gravitational lensing, that is, the interaction between the gravitational field of matter and the field of electromagnetic photons, and nothing to do with warped space-time.

4. Gravitational-electromagnetic field interaction between the above-mentioned gravitating object and the light photon - which acquires the temporary energy of the photon by increasing the momentum energy of the photon.

5. A photon does not retain newly acquired momentum energy other than its own energy acquired from its source.

6. So the photon releases its newly acquired momentum energy in the form of expended momentum.

7. Accordingly, the photon follows a curved path while maintaining a constant linear-path relative to the moving curved path.

8. The photon simultaneously gains and releases momentum energy until it escapes the gravitational influence of the gravitating object and then maintains its own linear path at the end of its interaction.

9. So the conclusion is, the photon path is not curved for bent or warped spacetime, rather, the photon path is bent during field interaction with another gravitating object, due to the temporary gain of its momentum energy on the way to its destination. Space, time or spacetime are not natural but energy fields are natural, and they act on events to invoke conceptual time.

Note: The momentum of a photon is directly proportional to its frequency and inversely proportional to its wavelength. If the wavelength of a photon is known, its momentum can be calculated using the formula 𝑝 = ℎ 𝜆 . If the frequency of a photon is known, its momentum can be calculated using the formula 𝑝 = ℎ 𝑓 𝑐 .

Photons have momentum, given by p=hλ, where λ is the photon wavelength. Photon energy and momentum are related by p=Ec, where E=hf=hc/λ for a photon

#Gravitationallensing #space #time #GravitationalInteraction #electromagneticinteraction #fieldsinteraction #momentum

Space-time is an imaginary construct. - About Lorentz transformation, relativity, space, time and space-time:

In particular, space-time can emerge from what we normally think of as inhabiting the universe - matter and energy. It's not like we have space and time first and then we add material. Matter and energy need to be a necessary condition for the origin of space and time.

Space-time is an imaginary construct because neither space nor time is natural and therefore not physical. The word natural simply means existing or arising in nature; not made or created by mankind.

Both space and time don't exist in human perception and are not physically perceptible. Space and time, even spacetime exist as thoughts or concepts but do not have a physical or concrete existence. So of course they are not natural.

Space and time never arose from nature but emerged as concepts from physical existence and events respectively, without existence and events, both space and time, as we know them, simply would not emerge; If there was no existence and no event.

Special relativity disregards classical space and time but takes away the independence of time and naturalised time. Hence space-time is wrongly considered natural.

However, taking away the independence of time led to the foundation of special relativity on the wrong basis, and it is now found that the relativistic effect on the phase shift of frequencies invalidates time dilation.

#Lorentztransformation #space #time #relativity #spacetime

Phase shift, Red shift, Wavelength enlargement and time dilation:

Redshift is the consequence of Phase Shift of frequency; corresponding wavelength enlargement, and phaseshift also corresponds to, so called, time dilation.

#phaseshift #redshift #wavelengthdilation #timedilation

Why does the distance between two distant objects increase, which we know as the expansion of space? Answered:

Dark energy has no effect within the influence of gravity, and gravity will have no effect where dark energy dominates.

The effective mass of dark energy <0 causes anti-gravity.

Beyond the gravitational effect of any object, there is a tug-of-war between gravity and anti-gravity. 

The effective mass of dark energy is heavier than the combined mass of ordinary matter and effective mass of dark matter. So antigravity caused by dark energy overcomes gravity.

Therefore, galaxies move away, as if the space between galaxies is expanding.

#expansionofspace #intergalacticscale