03 September 2021

Wrong Influence about Einstein:

A statement of proving time by Einstein does not and cannot arise because time is not a provable entity or concept but a human made concept to track eventual changes in the Universal existence.

Time is relative in the sense it is relative to the events and since events are variable so time, as a reference scale, needs to be uniformed in its scale and therefore, irreversible progression of time is uniformed in its scale.

Events may be occurring in different local frames but all the events those occurred since the beginning of the Universe and the events those are occurring right now and the events those will be occurring in future all are tracked or going to be tracked in a single frame of reference in time that too in fourth dimension, having its absolute nature. Greenwich Mean Time is a slice of that universal time.

Time cannot stop at the speed of light because speed is movement (of real entities) and it does not have its influence on time (a conceptual entity), as speed is movement - this implies changing place or position - and time tracks all such eventual changes, even to convey speed of light one needs time to relate speed of photons or electromagnetic waves, and the known speed of light does not mean time has stopped with it, it is rather conveys the speed of light on the time scale, the galactic speed at the edge of the visible Universe are faster than the speed of light and that faster than light speeds are too tracked with the same scale of time.

Einstein believed in steady state of the Universe but never opined that the Universe keeps expanding, in the year 1922 Alexander Friedmann introduced the idea of an expanding universe that contained moving matter and correspondence with Einstein suggests that Einstein was unwilling to accept the idea of an evolving Universe and worked instead to modify his equations to ensure a static eternal Universe as believed from Newton's time.

The Space-time continuum as proposed by Einstein described a better explanation of gravity - as distortion in the fabric of space-time, - but this proposition by Einstein clearly appears defective to the extent that gravity cannot distort time as in continuum of space-time, as gravity may have influence on space or even on matter and energy but gravity cannot have   influence on time, time will only exist within space and in the presence of eventual existence in the Universe when gravity may have influence on space, matter, energy and their eventual existence but shall have no direct influence on time.

The red-shift phenomenon, indicating expanding Universe, was not a discovery by Einstein, rather Edwin Hubble discovered that the Universe is expanding through the red-shift phenomenon and this discovery rather challenged Einstein's steady state Universe, accordingly this discovery also challenged Einstein’s theories to a considerable level.

Some of Einstein’s fictional stories about Time dilation, time travel, twin paradox and space-time etc. do not have valid scientific basis and these are even understandable to the high school level students now.

It is not Stephen Hawking who first predicted the concept of black holes, but it was Einstein who first predicted the existence of black holes. Stephen Hawking rather helped us to realize time better. His work on black holes, quantum mechanics and the origins of the universe advanced the theories of previous thinkers like Albert Einstein and Werner Heisenberg, providing the most comprehensive explanation for the behavior of the cosmos to date.

 


02 September 2021

Law of Vibration: The Vibrational Symphony of Existence - Energy, Matter, and Universal Dimensions.

Soumendra Nath Thakur
September 02, 2021

Abstract

This study explores the fundamental principles of the universe, emphasizing the role of vibration, energy, and frequency as the core of existence. The Law of Vibration asserts that all matter, energy, and dimensions are interconnected through vibratory frequencies, challenging conventional perceptions of solidity and revealing the universe as a manifestation of pure energy. From primordial energy predating the Big Bang to higher-dimensional energy forms, vibration transcends time, space, and dimensions, offering insights into the dynamic behaviours of energy across scales.

The propagation of radio waves for spatial communication highlights the interplay of frequency, wavelength, and amplitude in transmitting energy, further underscoring the vibrational essence of electromagnetic phenomena. Max Planck's pioneering equation E ∝ f serves as a universal framework, linking energy and frequency even in the absence of matter, with profound implications for understanding the vibrational nature of existence.

The vibrational essence of the universe also extends to its formation, as matter, energy, and space emerged from a singularity through expansion, cooling, and interaction. These events laid the foundation for the cosmic structures observed today, from the "Cosmic Dark Ages" to the emergence of stars and galaxies.

Furthermore, the study examines energy in the absence of light, time, and space, hypothesizing that energy may exist as pure vibration at infinite frequency, beyond the constraints of current physical laws. This leads to a deeper understanding of the relationship between mass, energy, and frequency and raises questions about the nature of singularities, dimensions, and the persistence of energy.

Ultimately, the analysis reveals vibration as the essence of existence. By understanding the "energy code" of the universe—rooted in frequency and vibration—this perspective provides a framework to unlock the secrets of matter, time, and cosmic evolution, offering profound insights into the interconnectedness of all phenomena.

1. The Law of Vibration

The Law of Vibration posits that everything in the universe—whether visible or invisible—when analysed in its purest, most fundamental form, consists of pure energy or light. This energy resonates and exists as vibratory frequencies or patterns.

Nothing rests: Everything in the universe is in constant motion and vibration, including you and me at the atomic and subatomic levels.

Pure vibratory energy: At its core, the universe and all it encompasses are manifestations of pure vibratory energy, presenting itself in various forms.

Matter as Vibrational Energy

Contrary to our perception of solidity, the universe has no inherent "solidity." What we perceive as matter is simply energy in a state of vibration. This idea underscores the interconnected nature of all things, where everything exists as a continuum of vibrational energy.

Energy and Dimensions

Energy behaves differently in different dimensions. On a fundamental level:

Primordial energy: The energy that likely existed before the Big Bang was not associated with the events or dimensions we recognize. Without events or interactions, there was no concept of time or space as we know them.

Time and space: These concepts require both existence and events. In the absence of such conditions, primordial energy existed in a state beyond the three-dimensional framework of our universe.

Higher-dimensional energy: Energy existing in dimensions beyond the three-dimensional universe we experience may exhibit entirely different behaviours and properties.

Conclusion

The answer to the question, "Can different forms of energy exist in different dimensions?" is a resounding "Yes." Primordial energy, which preceded the Big Bang, and energy in dimensions beyond our own, may behave in ways that transcend our current understanding, emphasizing the versatility and dynamism of vibrational energy across dimensions.

2. Propagation of Radio Waves for Spatial Communication

Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic wave with frequencies ranging between 10⁴ and 10¹¹ or 10¹² Hz, commonly used for long-distance communication. These waves are generated by transmitters and detected by receivers, with antennas serving as the medium to send and receive energy in space. Transmitters and receivers are typically designed to operate within specific frequency ranges.

Key Concepts in Radio Wave Propagation

Frequency (f): The number of cycles a wave completes per second, expressed in hertz (Hz). It can be calculated as:

f = 1/t or f= c/λ,

where 

c is the speed of light, λ is the wavelength, and t is the period.

Wavelength (λ): The distance a wave travels to complete one cycle, related to frequency by:

λ = v/f,

where v is the wave velocity.

Amplitude (A): The maximum displacement of the wave from its equilibrium position. Represented mathematically as:

A = A sin ω(t−K)+b,

where ω is the angular frequency and K is the phase constant.

• Power Density (P): The power per unit area, measured in watts per square meter (W/m²), with propagation often following an inverse-square law:

P ∝ 1/r².

Nature and Characteristics of Radio Waves

Radio waves consist of simultaneous periodic variations in electric and magnetic field intensity, forming cycles. The wavelength determines the distance covered in one cycle, while frequency defines the number of cycles completed in one second.

The radio spectrum spans from 3 kilohertz (KHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz):

• 1 KHz = 10³ Hz

• 1 MHz = 10⁶ Hz

• 1 GHz = 10⁹ Hz

These waves are fundamental to various forms of telecommunication, including audio, video, and data transmission, utilizing techniques such as modulation and demodulation to encode and decode information.

3. Universal Vibrational Existence

At a fundamental level, all forms of energy and matter—whether cosmic dust or living organisms—are manifestations of vibrations. This concept extends to electromagnetic waves, where each photon's energy (E) is inversely proportional to its wavelength (λ):

E ∝ 1/λ.

This principle highlights the interconnectedness of vibration, energy, and matter across scales, from the microscopic to the cosmic.

The Vibrational Universe

Max Planck, in 1900, introduced the ground breaking relationship E ∝ f, which links energy to frequency. This equation, I believe, is one of the most profound contributions to science, surpassing many post-20th-century laws. Planck's insights continue to shape our understanding of the universe.

In 1944, Planck stated: "As a man who has devoted his whole life to the most clear-headed science, to the study of matter, I can tell you as a result of my research about atoms this much: There is no matter as such. All matter originates and exists only by virtue of a force that brings the particle of an atom to vibration and holds this most minute solar system of the atom together."

Key Concepts:

I. Universal Applicability of Planck's Equation:

Planck's equation, E ∝ f, holds universally, even in the absence of matter. At the beginning of the universe—when only energy existed—this equation still applied. However, relativity cannot be extended to this pre-matter phase. Instead, string theory provides a framework where vibrating strings, not elementary particles, define the fundamental structure of reality. Each vibration mode corresponds to a particle's charge and mass, revealing profound implications for physics.

II. The Vibrational Essence of Existence:

• The universe operates on principles of vibration and energy waves.

• Our bodies are communities of trillions of energy waves, known as cells.

• Communication within and between organisms occurs through vibrations or signals, emphasizing our nature as interacting waves.

• Thoughts extend beyond the physical brain, broadcasting as energy fields around the body.

III. Space and Vibration:

Space serves as a playground for vibrations, where events unfold within timescales. Subatomic particles, rather than having fixed structures, emerge as outcomes of vibrational phenomena. The universe itself is a manifestation of vibrations, making vibration synonymous with existence. Time gains relevance only when events occur within this vibrational existence.

IV. Vibratory Systems and Energy Transfer:

Vibratory systems alternate energy between potential and kinetic forms. These systems require mechanisms for storing energy (e.g., springs for potential energy, mass or inertia for kinetic energy) and dissipating energy (damping). For sustained vibration, energy must be replenished from an external source.

Conclusion:

The cause of existence is vibration. To unlock the secrets of the universe, we must think in terms of energy, frequency, and vibration. Understanding the material world requires exploring the "energy code" at its most fundamental level, where everything reduces to frequency or vibration. This perspective reveals the true nature of matter, its formation, and the underlying principles that govern the universe’s evolution.

"To understand the universe, we must understand vibration—where energy, frequency, and matter converge into the symphony of existence."

The universe began as an unimaginably hot and dense point. In a fraction of a second, it underwent an extraordinary burst of expansion, known as inflation, where space itself expanded faster than the speed of light. During this brief period, the universe grew from subatomic size to the size of a golf ball. As it expanded, the universe cooled, allowing matter to form.

Formation of Early Matter:

One second after the Big Bang: The universe was filled with neutrons, protons, electrons, anti-electrons, photons, and neutrinos.

Within three minutes: Light elements were formed as the universe cooled further. Protons and neutrons collided to create deuterium, which combined to produce helium and trace amounts of lithium.

The Cosmic Dark Ages:

• For the first 380,000 years, the universe was too hot for light to shine. Atoms were broken into a dense plasma of protons, neutrons, and electrons that scattered light like fog.

• After 380,000 years, matter cooled enough to form neutral atoms, creating a transparent, electrically neutral gas. However, the universe plunged into darkness, as no stars or bright objects had yet formed.

Emergence of Stars and Galaxies:

• Around 400 million years later, the universe began to emerge from its cosmic dark ages. Clumps of gas collapsed to form the first stars and galaxies. These stars emitted energetic ultraviolet light, ionizing and destroying most of the neutral hydrogen.

This process represents the transformation of the universe from vibration to energy, to matter, and eventually to life as we know it.

Understanding the Laws of Nature:

When asked why the laws of nature exist, one could compare the question to asking, "Why does 1 + 1 = 2?" Such laws are abstract, fundamental, and self-evident—akin to consciousness itself. They require no external justification; they arise spontaneously as the foundation of existence.

Existence itself is vibration. It transcends time and events, residing even in states of singularity where time and motion are absent.

Vibration and Perception:

Our state of mind directly correlates to our vibratory frequency, shaping how we perceive and interact with the material world. By altering our state of mind, we can fundamentally shift our reality—both in terms of our physical being and the external environment.

Different vibratory frequencies correspond to different states of existence, forming interlaced dimensions. These dimensions span a spectrum, from lower to higher forms of reality and consciousness. As we move along this vibrational scale, we transition to higher realities, reshaping our understanding of existence and our place within it.

"Vibration is the essence of existence. To change our reality, we must begin by tuning the frequency of our mind."

4. Before the Formation of the Universe: An Interpretation

Relationship Between Mass, Energy, and Frequency

• Energy (E) is related to frequency (ν) through Planck’s equation: E=hν.

• Energy (E) is also related to mass (m) through Einstein’s theory of special relativity: E=mc².

• Combining these equations shows that mass (m) is proportional to frequency (ν).

Since frequency (f) is inversely proportional to wavelength (λ) (f=c/λ), and c (the speed of light) is a universal constant, the interplay between these quantities defines much of the behaviour of energy and matter in our universe.

The Role of Light and Its Absence

In the absence of light, the universal constant (c) becomes irrelevant. This raises fundamental questions:

• What happens to energy (E) in such a scenario?

• How does frequency (f) and wavelength (λ) of energy behave when c is no longer a factor?

Under current physics:

Frequency and wavelength: As frequency (f) approaches infinity (∞), wavelength (λ) becomes zero. A wave with zero wavelength would lack a spatial time period and would no longer fit the definition of a wave.

Singularity and dimensions: In a singularity, where gravity approaches infinity, space and time cease to exist, and current physical laws fail. A singularity is no-dimensional, yet it interacts with our three-dimensional universe (e.g., black holes). This raises the question of how such entities can occupy space in a meaningful way.

Energy in the Absence of Time and Space

Even in the absence of light, stars, and events, energy cannot simply vanish. Instead, it likely transitions into another form, potentially behaving as pure vibration. As described in Planck’s equation (E=hν), energy could persist as an extremely high-frequency vibration.

Time and events: Time is the ongoing progression of existence and events. For time to have meaning, both existence (matter or energy) and events are necessary. Without events, time loses relevance, and the laws of physics, such as Planck’s equation and Einstein’s theory of special relativity, cease to apply.

Space: In the absence of events, time, and light, space would also cease to exist. Energy might prevail as vibration in a timeless, eventless, and space less state.

Conceptualizing Energy at Infinite Frequency

• A singularity represents a condition where gravity, space, and time collapse, and the laws of physics no longer operate.

• In such a state, energy (E) could reach an infinite frequency (ν→∞), with wavelength (λ) approaching zero. This implies a stable, timeless, and dimensionless existence of energy, describable only through mathematical abstraction.

While current physical theories fail in this regime, mathematical abstraction suggests that energy might achieve a state of infinite vibratory frequency. This conceptual framework allows us to explore the behaviour of energy in conditions where conventional physics cannot operate, providing a foundation for further theoretical development.

"The universe, even in its primordial form, hints at the persistence of energy, vibration, and existence beyond the boundaries of space, time, and light."

5. Types of Waves 

(Understanding these is essential to comprehend the first vibration at the Big Bang and the formation of space):

I. Sine Waves:

• The sine wave is fundamental due to its harmonious mathematical properties, as represented in trigonometry.

• It forms the basis of AC power sources and test signals generated by oscillators in signal generators.

II. Square and Rectangular Waves:

Square Wave: Alternates between high and low voltage at regular intervals.

Rectangular Wave: Similar to square waves but with unequal high and low time intervals.

III. Triangle and Sawtooth Waves:

• These waves exhibit linear voltage changes, with transitions (ramps) occurring at constant rates.

IV. Step and Pulse Shapes:

• Step Signal: Represents a sudden voltage change.

• Pulse Signal: Represents a transient on-off voltage change, often indicative of glitches or transient events.

• A series of pulses forms a pulse train.

Fundamental Particles and Vibrations

• Fundamental particles (e.g., fermions and bosons) arise from vibrations in extremely small regions of space.

• Max Planck observed, All matter originates and exists only by virtue of a force which brings the particles of an atom to vibration.”

Vibration and Energy

• The purest form of energy is vibration. Spatial expansion reduces its density, leading to the formation of particles and matter.

The frequency of vibration of the universe, derived from the Hubble constant, is approximately 2.2963 × 10⁻¹⁸ Hz.

Thermal and Other Forms of Energy

Thermal energy stems from atomic and molecular vibrations. Energy is classified as:

Potential Energy: Includes chemical, mechanical, nuclear, and gravitational forms.

Kinetic Energy: Includes radiant, thermal, motion, sound, and electrical forms.

Planck’s Scale and Energy-Vibration Relationship

• At the Planck scale (∼1.22 × 10¹⁹ GeV), quantum gravitational effects dominate, and current physical theories become inadequate.

• Energy (E) is proportional to frequency (f), following E=hν, where h is Planck’s constant.

Vibration, Resonance, and Their Roles in Physics

Vibration: The oscillation of matter or energy when equilibrium is disturbed.

Resonance: Reinforcement by synchronous vibrations of neighbouring objects, including subatomic particles.

• Vibrating electrons at resonant frequencies emit light; different resonant frequencies produce distinct light spectra.

String Theory and Vibrations

• String theory posits that fundamental particles are not point-like but are vibrations of microscopic strings.

• Each mode of vibration corresponds to a particle’s charge and mass, revolutionizing the understanding of energy and matter.

Primordial Energy and the Universe

• In its primordial form, energy emerged from "nothing," driven by vibrations of a point without dimensions.

• This vibrational energy set the stage for the universe's formation, where dimensions and matter evolved from oscillations and resonances.

Conclusion:

Existence is fundamentally rooted in vibration—a universal force that transcends time, space, and physical laws. From the primordial energy before the Big Bang to the dimensions that shape the cosmos, vibration governs the dynamics of energy and matter. It unites concepts of light, frequency, and mass while offering profound insights into dimensions beyond our perception.

The material world is but a manifestation of vibrational energy, interconnected by principles that extend from the subatomic to the cosmic. Understanding this "energy code" reveals the true essence of matter, life, and consciousness.

To understand the universe, we must embrace vibration as the essence of existence—where energy and frequency converge into a harmonious symphony, creating the reality we perceive and the dimensions we aspire to explore.

26 August 2021

Fate of the Universe speculated:

When the space is expanding at an accelerating rate and the galaxies, at the edge of the visible Universe, are entering into invisible universe even at greater speed than the speed of light, so is not it obvious that at some distant time all the galaxies would be so distant, scattered and worn out and the energy density of the Universe would be so thin and cold so that new stars cannot form and the galaxies would lose their mass, ultimately galaxies would no longer be gravitationally bound but surrender to the dark energy and dark energy would rule, further expansion dilute the baryonic Universe so thin so that the Universe would face a freezing state and gravity would exist only with the black holes existing then, so what can happen after that needs further thoughts.

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Dark energy was first revealed observationally by examining the light from ultra-distant signals like supernovae. With measurements of both distance and redshift, scientists concluded that the Universe couldn't just be made of matter and radiation, but needed a new form of energy that would change the fate of our Universe. Here's why, more than 20 years later, it's still the biggest unsolved problem of them all.
The effective mass of dark energy is <0 and its gravitating mass is more than matter mass that results a strong effect at large scale as such, the cosmological expansion accelerate.
Antigravity exerted by dark energy affects a cosmic structure strongly at large scale. The dark energy background produces antigravity which is stronger than the matter gravity in the present Universe as a whole. This makes the cosmological expansion accelerated.
The cosmic antigravity can be stronger than gravity globally and also locally in the scale between 3.26 lightyear and 3.262×107 lightyear. The local weakfield dynamical effects of dark energy adequately described in term of Newtonian mechanics, and its effective gravitating density is negative, producing antigravity.
Gravity dominates at distances, while antigravity is stronger than gravity, therefore, a gravitationally bound system with its mass can exist only inside the zero gravity sphere of its radius [circumference of a sphere where, (antigravity - gravity = 0)], while dark energy is effective in the outer region of the domination of gravitating mass and practically have no effect within the strong domination of gravitating mass.
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The ultimate fate of an expanding universe depends on the matter density ΩM and the dark energy density ΩΛ (Ref. the Image "Friedmann universes" below)
Theories about the end of the universe:
• Big Freeze or Heat Death
• Big Rip
• Big Crunch
• Big Bounce
• Big Slurp
• Cosmic uncertainty
Friedmann's universe

Friedmann's universe
 
 

24 August 2021

From Einstein's cosmological constant to dark energy:

In 1917 Einstein applied his theory of general relativity in the universe, and suggested a model of a homogeneous, static, spatially curved universe.

In 1917, Albert Einstein inserted a term called the cosmological constant into his theory of general relativity to force the equations to predict a stationary universe in keeping with physicists' thinking at the time.

Alexander Friedmann was a Russian mathematician and meteorologist who lived a short but eventful life. During the revolution of 1917 whilst besieged by White Russian forces in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg) he heard about Einstein's work on general relativity. He started to derive solutions, publishing his findings in 1922. His key insight was to realise that there was no unique solution to Einstein's equations, rather there was a whole family of solutions possible. This family of solutions thus allowed for different cosmological models of the Universe.

In Friedmann's models the only force that is considered is gravitation. His model universes are homogeneous (the same everywhere on a large enough scale) and isotropic (look the same in every direction). Most importantly they incorporate the concept of expansion and in some cases, contraction. Einstein himself had viewed the Universe as static. Friedmann thus provided the theoretical framework for an expanding Universe within the spacetime and mathematics of general relativity. Unfortunately he contracted typhoid and died in 1925 during the Russian civil war before his work became widely known.

In 1922 Friedmann introduced the idea of an expanding universe that contained moving matter. Correspondence with Einstein suggests that Einstein was unwilling to accept the idea of an evolving Universe and worked instead to modify his equations to ensure a static eternal Universe as believed from Newton's time.

Some years later, in 1926 Hubble published the redshift vs. distance relationship, namely, all the galaxies in the neighbourhood seemed to be receding at a rate proportional to their distance, formalising an observation made earlier by Carl Wilhelm Wirtz. It may be noted that in 1927 Belgian astronomer Georges Lemaître also independently reached the conclusion of an evolving Universe

Until 1931, physicist Albert Einstein believed that the universe was static.  Albert Einstein accepted the modern cosmological view that the universe is expanding long after many of his contemporaries. An urban legend attributes this change of perspective to when American astronomer Edwin Hubble showed Einstein his observations of redshift in the light emitted by far away nebulae -- today known as galaxies. But the reality is more complex. The change in Einstein’s viewpoint, in fact, resulted from a tortuous thought process. Now researchers explain how Einstein changed his mind following many encounters with some of the most influential astrophysicists of his generation.

However, the universe was not static. It was expanding. This observation, and those preceding Hubble's paper, led Belgian priest Georges Lemaître to propose in 1931 that the universe originated from a small and compact state, what he called a "Cosmic Egg" and what is now called the Big Bang.

When it became clear that the universe wasn't actually static, but was expanding instead, Einstein abandoned the constant, calling it the '"biggest blunder" of his life.

In 1932 Albert Einstein teamed up with the Dutch theoretical physicist and astronomer, Willem de Sitter, to propose an eternally expanding universe which became the cosmological model generally accepted until the middle of the 1990s. To Einstein's relief these two models no longer needed the cosmological constant.

The majority of the energy in our Universe went completely undiscovered until the late 1990s, and scientists still don't know what it is. Only 5% of the Universe, in terms of energy, is made out of things we're familiar with and understand: protons, neutrons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, black holes and even gravitational waves. Of the remainder, 27% is dark matter and 68%, the largest amount, is in the form of a new, mysterious substance called dark energy.

Dark energy was first revealed observationally by examining the light from ultra-distant signals like supernovae. With measurements of both distance and redshift, scientists concluded that the Universe couldn't just be made of matter and radiation, but needed a new form of energy that would change the fate of our Universe. Here's why, more than 20 years later, it's still the biggest unsolved problem of them all.

The effective mass of dark energy is <0 and its gravitating mass is more than matter mass that results a strong effect at large scale as such, the cosmological expansion accelerate.

Antigravity exerted by dark energy affects a cosmic structure strongly at large scale. The dark energy background produces antigravity which is stronger than the matter gravity in the present Universe as a whole. This makes the cosmological expansion accelerated.

The cosmic antigravity can be stronger than gravity globally and also locally in the scale between 3.26 lightyear and 3.262×107 lightyear. The local weakfield dynamical effects of dark energy adequately described in term of Newtonian mechanics, and its effective gravitating density is negative, producing antigravity.

Gravity dominates at distances, while antigravity is stronger than gravity, therefore, a gravitationally bound system with its mass can exist only inside the zero gravity sphere of its radius [circumference of a sphere where, (antigravity - gravity = 0)], while dark energy is effective in the outer region of the domination of gravitating mass and practically have no effect within the strong domination of gravitating mass.

===================Alexander Friedmann ====================

The father of the Big Bang....
Alexander Friedmann corrected Einstein and found solutions to the field equations describing expanding, contracting and oscillating universes. He was a pure mathematician with interests in application of mathematics in the physical sciences and he originated the theory of the expanding universe.

The idea of a static universe goes back to Newton's absolute space and time, but even Newton was worried about the stability of the cosmos: The entire universe would collapse according to the universal attractions of all pieces of matter. When Einstein applied his improved theory of gravity to the whole universe, he could not find a distribution of the mass which would give a stable universe. Later he introduced a cosmological term, representing a repulsive force, which would save the universe from collapse. He proved that the universe must necessarily be stable and unchanging in time. When Friedmann wrote to Einstein that he had made an error in his proof which opened a new class of expanding, collapsing and pulsating world models and there was no need of changing Einstein's original gravity equations, Einstein did not respond. Many years later when Gamow discussed cosmology with Einstein he remarked that, the cosmological term was the biggest blunder he ever made in his life".

Source: Aug 09, 1997, Michael Cramer Andersen, Lecturer in Physics and Astronomy

Friedmann is seen as a profound, independent-minded, and daring thinker who destroys scientific prejudices, myths and dogmas; his intellect sees what others do not see, and will not see what others believe to be obvious but for which there are no grounds in reality. He rejects the centuries-old tradition which chose, prior to any experience, to consider the Universe eternal and eternally immutable. He accomplishes a genuine revolution in science. As Copernicus made the Earth go round the Sun, so Friedmann made the Universe expand.


In 1922 Alexander Friedmann published his famous paper on cosmology where he discovered non-stationary solution of Einstein's equations, describing closed expanding space with beginning and end of the Universe in time-closed Friedmann model.
In 1924 he published a paper on expanding Universe with negative curvature, infinite in space but having beginning in time. At that time he also published a popular book "The world as space and time" where discussed a new vision of the expanding Universe with possible beginning and end in time.


#CosmologicalConstant #DarkEnergy #AntiGravity #AlbertEinstein #AlexanderFriedmann

 

Dimensional reach, in view of space and time:

None can affect anything in higher dimensions from a lower one. However, a higher dimensional entity can affect lower dimensional entities. 

  • A point has no dimension but has a conceptual location, imperceptible to us.  
  • Length added to a point is one dimensional (line), and perceptible to us.
  • Height added to a Length is two dimensional (plane), and perceptible to us.  
  • Depth added to a plane is three dimensional (space), also perceptible to us.  
  • Another dimension added to space is four dimensional, imperceptible to us. 

It is clear from the above statements that a lower dimensional entity won't have complete reach in its immediate higher dimension. However, a higher dimensional entity contains all of its lower dimension/s and can affect or influence anything in lower dimension/s. 

As for example, we (being three dimensional) can sense (view and hear) a video from a two dimensional screen but anything from us is not sensible to the entities within the two dimensional screen. 

Since, space is three dimensional and time is conceptual fourth dimensional, as such space can't affect or interact with time. And they are incompatible to make an alliance. 

#spacetime #space #time #dimensions #dimensional