Galactic Recession: Expansion of Distance, Not Spacetime.

Soumendra Nath Thakur 

December 24, 2024

Massive objects, such as galaxies, observed to recede from one another due to the anti-gravitational force exerted by dark energy. This force acts in a manner opposite to gravity, which pulls massive objects closer together. Both phenomena involve changes in the distances between physical objects within space over time. 

This perspective challenges and invalidates the concept of spacetime expansion, emphasizing instead the expansion of distances between galaxies within the universe.

Space as a Framework, Not a Physical Medium:

Soumendra Nath Thakur 

December 24, 2024

A medium is traditionally defined as the intervening substance through which sensory impressions are conveyed or physical forces are transmitted. However, space is not a physical substance; it does not serve as a medium in this sense. Electromagnetic propagation, therefore, requires no physical medium between its emission and reception. Instead, space represents the dimensions of height, depth, and width within which all things exist and move. It is not a medium but a framework within which existential events occur.

Emphasizing ECM Interpretation of Relativistic Mass as Effective Mass:

December 24, 2024.

Dear Mr. Lewis,

Thank you for your continued interest and engagement in the discussion of my research. Your contributions reflect an active inquiry into foundational aspects of physics, and I appreciate the opportunity to address them.

Core Framework of my Research:

The research paper, 'Relativistic Mass and Energy Equivalence: Energetic Form of Relativistic Mass in Special Relativity,' explores the variability of mass and its impact on mass-energy equivalence. While it operates within the context of special relativity, it is interpreted through the lens of Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) to establish a refined framework for analysing mass-energy relationships. Specifically, the term effective mass (mᵉᶠᶠ) in ECM provides a unifying concept that bridges relativistic mass (m′) with apparent mass (mᵃᵖᵖ) and the variability of matter mass (mᴍ). 

1. Relativistic Mass (m′) as Effective Mass (mᵉᶠᶠ):

• In the context of ECM, relativistic mass (m′) is represented as effective mass (mᵉᶠᶠ), which integrates the variability arising from apparent mass (mᵃᵖᵖ). 

• This framework highlights that relativistic mass (m′) manifests not merely as a velocity-dependent quantity but also as a dynamic interplay of mass variability and energy exchange.

2. Energy-Mass Equivalence in ECM:

• The effective mass (mᵉᶠᶠ) captures the relativistic energy dynamics by unifying the rest mass (m₀) with variability induced by apparent mass (mᵃᵖᵖ).

• This provides an enriched perspective compared to the classical relativistic equation E=m′c², extending its application to dynamic systems governed by ECM principles.

Addressing Your Comments

1. Wave Nature of Light and Space as a Medium:

While your assertion that light is a wave in the medium of space is thought-provoking, it diverges from the framework of ECM and the focus of this research. The ECM framework does not address the existence of a medium for light propagation but instead interprets photon behaviour through effective forces and energy exchanges, such as the incorporation of negative apparent mass in photon dynamics. 

2. Electron, Proton, and Neutron as Looped Waves:

The hypothesis of subatomic particles as looped waves in a medium, though innovative, lies outside the ECM framework, which does not challenge the quark model or introduce alternative structural interpretations of matter. Instead, ECM focuses on refining force and energy equations for particles, emphasizing variability in mass and energy under relativistic and classical conditions.

3. Rejection of Quarks and Balmer Formula Interpretation:

While your conclusions about quarks and the Balmer formula propose a reinterpretation of quantum mechanics, these ideas are not pertinent to the ECM framework or the specific discussion of relativistic mass equivalence. The paper does not address quantum-level structural analyses or alternative cosmological models.

Why Your Response is Irrelevant:

Your recent response introduces concepts that are not aligned with the specific objectives of the paper, including:

1. Unrelated Frameworks:

• The hypothesis of a wave medium and looped wave particles shifts the discussion away from the ECM interpretation of relativistic mass and effective mass.

2. Scope of the Paper:

• The research focuses exclusively on mass-energy equivalence through the ECM lens, not on alternative theories of particle or wave dynamics.

3. Absence of Engagement with ECM Principles:

• Your response does not address the core ECM principles, such as the role of apparent mass (mᵃᵖᵖ) in effective mass (mᵉᶠᶠ) or the dynamic variability of matter mass (mᴍ).

Conclusion

While your insights provide an alternative perspective, they are not directly relevant to the specific objectives or findings of this research paper. I encourage discussions that engage with the ECM interpretation of mass-energy equivalence, particularly the integration of relativistic mass as effective mass (mᵃᵖᵖ) and its implications for energy dynamics.

Thank you for your understanding and engagement. I look forward to further discussions that align with the ECM framework and the principles outlined in the research.

Best regards,

Soumendra Nath Thakur

Researcher

Nature of Light and Matter: Insights from Fundamental Physics.

Soumendra Nath Thakur

ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803

December 22, 2024

Abstract:

This study explores the behaviour of light as a wave, its propagation through various gravitational conditions, and its role as the sole source of electromagnetic waves across the spectrum. Photons, massless carriers of the electromagnetic force, escape gravitational wells by exerting a negative anti-gravitational force, expending interaction energy. Extended classical mechanics introduces concepts such as negative apparent mass and effective acceleration for photons, distinguishing them from massive subatomic particles. The framework integrates Planck's energy-frequency relation with force and energy equations for subatomic particles, challenging relativistic principles like time dilation and spacetime curvature. A universal rest frame is proposed to explain physical changes caused by motion and gravity, offering an alternative to traditional relativistic interpretations.

Nature of Light and Matter:

The scientific understanding of light as a wave aligns with its ability to propagate through free space, regardless of gravitational influences, zero-gravity conditions, or anti-gravitational forces. Visible light constitutes a small portion of the broader electromagnetic spectrum. Photons, as gauge bosons and carriers of the electromagnetic force, are distinct from quark-formed particles. Lacking mass, photons exist solely in energetic forms, either as free photons or when absorbed by electrons, making them the sole sources of electromagnetic waves across the spectrum.

Max Planck’s 1900 formulation of the energy-frequency relationship, E=hf, underpins the understanding of photon energy across the electromagnetic spectrum. Photons emitted from gravitational wells carry inherent energy (E) and gravitational interaction energy (Eg), with a negative anti-gravitational force enabling their escape by expending Eg. Beyond gravitational influence, photons retain their inherent energy (E) unless interacting with new fields. In dark-energy-dominated space, photons gradually lose energy over vast distances, extending their wavelengths beyond the radio wave spectrum until mobility ceases as their frequency approaches zero.

Extended classical mechanics incorporates negative apparent mass and effective constant acceleration into the force equations for massless photons, reflecting inertial mass (m<0). In contrast, massive subatomic particles—such as protons, neutrons, and electrons—oscillate at specific frequencies and differ fundamentally from massless photons. Protons and neutrons originate from quarks, while electrons derive from leptons. Force equations for these particles include effective mass (comprising rest mass and negative apparent mass) and effective acceleration, with their rest masses being positive (m>0).

Planck’s energy-frequency equation applies to photons and electromagnetic waves, while the mass-energy relations of protons, neutrons, and electrons may conform to extended classical mechanics. This framework integrates force and energy equations with relativistic mass-energy equations and Planck’s energy-frequency equation, supported by phase-shift and infinitesimal wave-energy-loss equations, as proposed by S. N. Thakur et al.

The notion of a universal rest frame where light travels aligns with principles of physical science but diverges from relativity. Relativistic concepts of time dilation and spacetime curvature are criticized for relying on biased experiments and arbitrary interpretations of space and time. Although mathematically compelling, Lorentz transformations fail in physical application due to the neglect of acceleration effects between reference frames and material deformations. Motion-induced physical changes occur within a universal rest frame, challenging the foundational premises of both Special and General Relativity.

#photon #light #wave #energy #frequency #electromagnetic

The Planck Equation and the Limits of Energy Quantization:

Soumendra Nath Thakur

December 21, 2024

Abstract:

This paper explores the fundamental relationship between photon energy and frequency, encapsulated by the Planck equation E=hf, which has been pivotal in shaping quantum mechanics. It discusses the independence of the Planck equation from relativistic frameworks and its integration into the Planck scale, where quantum and cosmological phenomena converge. By examining energy quantization at the Planck scale, the text highlights the theoretical boundaries defined by Planck units, including Planck frequency, time, and length. The paper further explores the implications of reaching these limits, where current physical theories break down, leading to the necessity of new frameworks. The Planck frequency is emphasized as a crucial threshold that challenges established understandings of physics, offering a path toward a unified theory of fundamental forces.

Keywords:

Planck Equation, Energy Quantization, Planck Scale, Photon Energy, Quantum Mechanics, Planck Frequency, Quantum Gravity, Energy-Frequency Relationship, Wave-Particle Duality, Fundamental Physics, Cosmology, Quantum Field Theory,

1. The Planck Equation and Energy Quantization:

The Planck equation, E = hf, introduced by Max Planck in 1900, established a fundamental relationship between a photon’s energy (E) and its frequency (f), where h is Planck’s constant. This equation resolved the ultraviolet catastrophe by quantizing energy and became a cornerstone of quantum mechanics. It is foundational in linking energy and frequency, demonstrating that energy exists in discrete packets proportional to frequency, fundamentally shaping our understanding of the quantum world.

2. Independence of E=hf from Relativistic Frameworks

The Planck equation, introduced long before Einstein's theories of relativity (1905 and 1916), operates independently of relativistic concepts such as time dilation and spacetime curvature. It quantizes energy through a direct relationship between frequency and energy, remaining rooted in quantum mechanics without the need for relativistic adjustments. By focusing solely on the energy-frequency relationship, E=hf operates on its own merits, unaffected by the complexities of relativistic time transformations or spacetime warping.

3. The Planck Scale: A Universal Framework.

The Planck scale represents a universal framework for understanding the limits of physical phenomena, determined by five fundamental constants: c (speed of light), G (gravitational constant), ℏ (reduced Planck constant), kʙ (Boltzmann constant), and e (elementary charge). These constants define the Planck units—length, mass, time, temperature, and charge—which are used to describe extreme physical conditions. The Planck scale bridges quantum realms and cosmological phenomena, providing a foundation for theories like string theory. By connecting energy quantization and wave-particle duality with discrete measures of space and time, the Planck equation E=hf fits seamlessly into this framework, emphasizing its universal relevance across physical scales.

4. Energy Quantization and the Planck Scale:

The equation E=hf inherently aligns with the Planck scale, which defines discrete units of energy, frequency, and wavelength. The equation demonstrates energy quantization, with photons carrying energy in packets proportional to their frequency. The frequency f is linked to the photon's wavelength λ through the speed of light c, as f=c/λ, further reinforcing the wave-particle duality of photons. In terms of Planck units, the equation can be expressed as E ≈ Eᴘ⋅(f/fᴘ), where Eᴘ and fᴘ are the Planck energy and Planck frequency, respectively. This connection ensures dimensional consistency within the Planck framework, highlighting the quantum mechanical nature of energy at the Planck scale.

5. Planck Units and the Speed of Light:

The Planck length (ℓᴘ) and Planck time (tᴘ) are fundamental units that determine the speed of light c. The relationship c = ℓᴘ/tᴘ connects these two units, where Planck length, ℓᴘ ≈ 1.616 × 10⁻³⁵ meters and Planck time, tᴘ ≈ 5.391 × 10⁻⁴⁴ seconds. The speed of light, a cornerstone of quantum physics, governs the propagation of electromagnetic waves and establishes a fundamental connection between space, time, and energy. This intrinsic relationship ties together Planck units, reinforcing the coherence and dimensional consistency of the Planck scale, connecting fundamental constants to the structural framework within space and time and the nature of light.

6. Photons as Quantum Carriers of Electromagnetic Force:

Photons are the gauge bosons responsible for carrying the electromagnetic force across the entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. This spectrum includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays, ordered by increasing frequency. Within the visible light spectrum, human perception ranges from red (approximately 4 × 10¹⁴ Hz) to violet (approximately 8 × 10¹⁴ Hz ), with photons mediating the interactions between charged particles across these frequencies. The photon’s frequency is pivotal in determining its energy, as described by the Planck equation, E = hf. For instance, an emitting photon from a star might have an initial frequency of 6.0368 × 10¹⁴ Hz, placing it in the visible range. 

7. The Broad Frequency Range of Photons:

Visible light constitutes only a small segment of the electromagnetic spectrum, while photons span an extensive range of energy levels. Within this spectrum, gamma rays typically achieve frequencies as high as 10¹⁹ Hz, whereas radio waves exhibit much lower frequencies, around 10⁵ Hz. Remarkably, the highest observed gamma-ray frequencies can extend up to 10³⁰ Hz, highlighting the immense breadth of the electromagnetic spectrum. Beyond gamma rays, cosmic rays are theorized to reach even higher frequencies. At the theoretical Planck frequency, a photon’s energy becomes so extreme that it could collapse into a black hole, representing a fundamental boundary of our current understanding of physics. This wide frequency range underscores the photon’s dual wave-particle nature, its quantum mechanical properties, and its capacity to mediate electromagnetic interactions throughout the universe.

8. Planck Frequency: Theoretical Boundaries.

At the Planck frequency (fᴘ = 1/tᴘ), oscillatory phenomena reach theoretical limits. The angular Planck frequency (ωᴘ=2ϖfᴘ) is approximately 1.885 × 10⁴³ s⁻¹, while the standard Planck frequency (fᴘ) is 2.952×10⁴² Hz. At these frequencies, a photon’s energy (E = hfᴘ) approaches levels where gravitational effects dominate, potentially collapsing the photon into a black hole, marking the boundaries of current physical theories. The Planck frequency represents a fundamental upper limit for oscillatory phenomena in the universe. Beyond this frequency, the current understanding of physical laws breaks down, emphasizing the boundary defined by the Planck scale. This framework highlights the profound interplay between quantum mechanics and cosmological scales, anchoring the Planck equation E = hf in the realm of fundamental physics.

Note: The constant 2π serves as a consistent multiplier or divider when converting between angular frequency (ωp) and linear frequency (fp). This conversion essentially represents the process of expressing angular frequency in terms of linear frequency in hertz (Hz).

9. The Significance of Planck Frequency in Fundamental Physics

The Planck frequency (fᴘ) represents a fundamental limit in our understanding of oscillatory phenomena in the universe. Derived from the Planck angular frequency (ωᴘ) through the relationship ωᴘ=2ϖfᴘ, the Planck frequency is calculated as fᴘ = ωᴘ/2ϖ = 2.952 × 10⁴² Hz. This theoretical construct defines the upper boundary at which the laws of physics, as currently understood, cease to apply, marking the transition into regimes where quantum gravity effects dominate.

At the Planck frequency, the energy associated with a photon reaches the Planck energy (Eᴘ = hfᴘ), corresponding to an extreme energy density where spacetime becomes highly curved. The wavelength (λ) of such a photon approaches the Planck length (ℓᴘ ≈ 1.616 × 10⁻³⁵ m), and its oscillation period (T = 1/fᴘ) aligns with the Planck time (tᴘ ≈ 5.391 × 10⁻⁴⁴ s).

These scales signify the breakdown of classical and quantum mechanical laws, as neither general relativity nor quantum field theory adequately describes physics in such extreme conditions. The Planck frequency sets the threshold for phenomena where new theories, such as loop quantum gravity or string theory, are expected to provide insights.

10. Implications of the Planck Frequency

At the Planck frequency, the effects of quantum gravity become dominant, rendering the laws of general relativity and quantum mechanics inadequate in their current forms. The associated energy density surpasses that of a black hole, presenting challenges to the application of established physical laws, including thermodynamics. At this frequency, time and space scales approach the Planck time (tᴘ ≈ 5.391 × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) and Planck length (ℓᴘ ≈ 1.616 × 10⁻³⁵ m), where conventional physics—formulated for larger scales—struggles to remain valid.

The Planck frequency also disrupts conventional notions of causality, as time intervals near tᴘ blur the distinction between cause and effect. This extreme oscillatory regime challenges the boundaries of current theoretical frameworks, including the Standard Model and general relativity. Addressing these limitations requires new theories, such as loop quantum gravity or string theory, which aim to provide a unified understanding of physics at these scales.

In essence, the Planck frequency encapsulates the intersection of quantum mechanics and cosmology, providing a pivotal anchor in the ongoing quest to unify the fundamental forces of nature. Its exploration remains a cornerstone of theoretical physics, pointing toward the next frontier in our understanding of the universe.