Gravitational Interaction of Photons: An Interpretation through Extended Classical Mechanics

Soumendra Nath Thakur

ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803

December 05, 2024

Abstract

This study presents an extended classical mechanics interpretation of photon behaviour in gravitational fields, emphasizing the reversible nature of gravitational interactions and the preservation of intrinsic photon energy. The photon's energy dynamics are explored through its interactional energy within gravitational influences and its intrinsic energy in zero-gravity regions. The effects of cosmic expansion on photon energy via redshift are also discussed. Notably, the photon exhibits negative apparent and effective masses, producing antigravitational effects akin to dark energy, enabling constant wave speed c. A key insight includes the photon's constant effective acceleration from emission, highlighting its unique momentum and energy dynamics in gravitational contexts. This framework challenges conventional gravitational lensing interpretations, suggesting alternative pathways for unified theories of forces.

Author Comment:

This study synthesizes key conclusions derived from a series of research papers on extended classical mechanics. These papers provide a fresh perspective on established experimental results, challenging traditional interpretations and highlighting potential inaccuracies in previous theoretical frameworks. Through this reinterpretation, the study aims to refine our understanding of fundamental physical phenomena, opening avenues for further exploration and validation.

Keywords: Photon dynamics, Gravitational interaction, Negative mass, Cosmic redshift, Extended classical mechanics,

Reversibility of Gravitational Interaction:

A photon’s interaction with an external gravitational force is inherently reversible. The photon maintains its intrinsic momentum throughout the process and eventually resumes its original trajectory after disengaging from the gravitational field.

Intrinsic Energy (E) Preservation:

The photon's intrinsic energy E, derived from its emission source, remains unaltered despite gaining or losing energy (Eg) through gravitational interaction within a massive body's gravitational influence.

Contextual Gravitational Energy (Eg):

The gravitational interaction energy Eg is a localized phenomenon, significant only within the gravitational influence of a massive body. Beyond this influence, in regions of negligible gravity, the photon retains only its intrinsic energy E.

Cosmic Redshift and Energy Loss (ΔE):

In the context of cosmic expansion, the recession of galaxies causes a permanent loss of a photon's intrinsic energy ΔE due to the cosmological redshift. This energy loss is independent of local gravitational interactions and reflects the large-scale dynamics of the expanding universe.

Negative Apparent Mass and Antigravitational Effects:

The photon's negative apparent mass Mᵃᵖᵖ,ₚₕₒₜₒₙ generates a constant negative force −F, which manifests as an antigravitational effect. This behaviour parallels the characteristics attributed to dark energy in its capacity to resist gravitational attraction.

Wave Speed Consistency (c):

The constant negative force −F, arising from the photon's energy dynamics, ensures the photon’s ability to maintain a constant wave propagation speed c, irrespective of gravitational influences.

Negative Effective Mass:

The photon’s negative effective mass Mᵉᶠᶠ,ₚₕₒₜₒₙ allows it to exhibit properties akin to those of a negative particle. This feature contributes to its unique interaction dynamics within gravitational fields and reinforces its role in antigravitational phenomena.

Constant Effective Acceleration:

From the moment of its emission at an initial velocity of 0m/s, the photon experiences a constant effective acceleration, quantified as aᵉᶠᶠ,ₚₕₒₜₒₙ = 6 × 10⁸ m/s². This acceleration underpins the photon’s ability to achieve and sustain its characteristic speed of light (c), reinforcing its intrinsic energy and momentum dynamics.

#Photondynamics, #Gravitationalinteraction, #Negativemass, #Cosmicredshift, #Extendedclassicalmechanics,

Redshift, Blueshift, and Phase Shifts: A Unified Framework for Time Deviations in Oscillatory Systems Under Motion and Gravitational Effects.

Soumendra Nath Thakur

December 04, 2024

Following reasoning highlights an essential relationship between frequency, wavelength, and period in oscillatory systems, particularly under the influence of redshift (energy loss) or blueshift (energy gain). Here's a formalized explanation:

Key Relationship:

The proportionality (1/f) ∝ λ ∝ T establishes that frequency (f), wavelength (λ), and period (T) are intrinsically linked. Any change in frequency due to a phase shift (Δf) directly affects both wavelength and period, as follows:

• Redshift (Energy Loss):

If a phase shift reduces the frequency (f₀-Δf) = f₂, then: 

λ↑ and T↑

This corresponds to an elongation of the wavelength and an increase in the period (time for one cycle).

• Blueshift (Energy Gain):

If a phase shift increases the frequency (f₀+Δf) = f₃, then:

λ↓ and T↓

This corresponds to a compression of the wavelength and a decrease in the period.

Effect on Clock Time:

Since clock time (T) is derived from the oscillatory system's period, a change in frequency due to energy shifts (redshift or blueshift) will directly influence clock time. Specifically:

1. Redshift/Energy loss:

• Energy is lost (e.g., due to gravitational potential differences or relative velocity).

• Wavelength enlarges (λ↑), and the period lengthens (T↑).

• The clock runs slower compared to a reference frame.

2. Blueshift/Energy gain:

• Energy is gained (e.g., approaching a gravitational source or moving towards the observer).

• Wavelength shortens (λ↓), and the period shortens (T↓).

• The clock runs faster compared to a reference frame.

The relative frequency shift (Δf) resulting from these effects leads to phase shifts, which manifest as errors in time synchronization between clocks. These shifts are governed by:

ΔT = 360°/(f+Δf) − 360°/f.

This discrepancy affects the oscillatory synchronization, causing an observable error in clock readings.

Conclusion:

The phase shift in frequency (f₀ ±Δf) resulting from energy changes unequivocally affects both wavelength and period. This causal relationship ensures that any change in wavelength due to frequency shifts directly impacts clock time. Consequently, oscillatory dynamics influenced by redshift (energy loss) or blueshift (energy gain) manifest as measurable time deviations in clocks under conditions of motion or gravitational influence. A single phase-shift formula for frequency (f₀ ±Δf) can effectively account for these variations across both scenarios, providing a unified approach to analysing time deviations.

By emphasizing the direct and observable relationship between frequency shifts, wavelength changes, and clock time deviations, my approach effectively sidesteps the need for relativistic formulas that rely on abstract interpretations like spacetime curvature. This streamlined framework rooted in physical causality offers a more intuitive and consistent explanation for phenomena like redshift and blueshift, making it a powerful alternative to traditional relativistic models.

"Abstract: Relative time emerges from relative frequencies. It is the phase shift in relative frequencies due to infinitesimal loss in wave energy and corresponding enlargement in the wavelengths of oscillations; which occur in any clock between relative locations due to the relativistic effects or difference in gravitational potential; result error in the reading of clock time; which is wrongly presented as time dilation."

This abstract of the research titled, "Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II" by Soumendra Nath Thakur et al, presents clear and meaningful in its presentation, effectively summarizing the core idea of the research. It encapsulates the relationship between relative frequencies, phase shifts, wave energy loss, and wavelength changes, highlighting their roles in creating errors in clock time readings. Moreover, it challenges the conventional interpretation of these phenomena as time dilation, instead presenting them as measurable and quantifiable effects of oscillatory dynamics under relativistic influences or gravitational potential differences.

For the research by Soumendra Nath Thakur et al., this abstract is appropriate and aligns well with the study's focus on reframing time dilation through a more physically grounded explanation. It clearly conveys the intent to debunk the conventional time dilation narrative while proposing an alternative mechanism rooted in phase shifts and frequency dynamics.

The Nature of Time: Events, Invariance, and Cosmic Progression:

Soumendra Nath Thakur

December 03, 2024

The concept of time is intrinsically linked to events within existence. Without events, time is not invoked. When events occur, time emerges as a means to signify and quantify changes in existence.

The term time represents the progression of these changes—known as events. In mathematics, time is treated as an invariant and abstract concept, independent of events, with its scales remaining constant. This is expressed as:

Δt=Constant

The fundamental purpose of time is to ensure a consistent progression, enabling the relationship between variations in existence, or events.

Attempts to alter the invariance of clock time result in a distortion of time itself. Thus, phenomena such as time dilation represent distortions in clock time, rather than the immutable progress of natural cosmic time.

The unalterable flow of cosmic time cannot be influenced or modified—even by renowned figures like Einstein.

#time #event #existence #invariance

Relativistic Time Distortion and Mechanical Effects: A Unified Perspective on Observed Clock Errors.

Soumendra Nath Thakur

December 03, 2024

The measurement of change inherently signifies the measurement of relative change in a physical event. When events involve time, the relevance lies in the event's change itself and not in the observer, as the observer does not partake in the physical transformation occurring within the event.

At the onset of the measurement, two synchronized clocks—one belonging to the observer and the other to the observed—are calibrated to the same time scale, with both initially positioned within the same reference frame. When the event begins at time t₀, the observed entity separates from the observer, undergoes acceleration, and reaches a specified velocity. Once the event concludes, the observed entity re-joins the reference frame of the observer, and the elapsed time is immediately measured within this unified reference frame.

In this process, the time dimension originates from and returns to a common point for both clocks. However, the elapsed time on the observer's reference clock (t - t₀) is greater than that on the observed clock (t′−t₀), such that t - t₀ > t′−t₀ or equivalently, t<t′. This indicates that the time scale of the observer's clock (t) has effectively increased to the time scale of the observed clock (t′). The difference, Δt = t′−t, reflects this shift, giving the relation t+Δt = t′.

When expressed in angular terms, the scale of the observer’s reference clock is t×360°, while the scale of the observed clock is t′×360°. Since t×360° < t′×360°, the observer's clock cannot accommodate the larger time scale of the observed clock. Consequently, an apparent error arises in the observed clock’s time reading.

Conclusion:

The discrepancy in the observed clock’s time reading is a clear manifestation of time dilation, a relativistic effect arising from the relative motion and differing inertial frames between the observer and the observed. This time distortion, while often treated as unique to relativity, shares conceptual parallels with measurable and predictable errors in clock mechanisms caused by external influences such as temperature fluctuations, mechanical stress, or material deformation. Classical mechanics, through frameworks like Hooke's law, adeptly describe mechanical deformations resulting from external forces, offering a well-established basis for understanding such errors.

However, the relativistic approach to time dilation does not comprehensively account for the forces applied during acceleration when the observed entity separates from the observer, undergoes acceleration, and achieves a specified velocity before re-joining the observer’s reference frame. In these scenarios, the application of force introduces mechanical and energetic interactions that are not flatly addressed in relativistic formulations. This oversight leaves a gap in fully describing the interplay between mechanical effects and relativistic time distortion, suggesting that the errors observed in clock time readings under such conditions might be more broadly understood by integrating principles from both classical mechanics and relativity.

Ultimately, this perspective reframes time distortion not as an isolated phenomenon of relativity but as part of a continuum of physical influences, with classical mechanics providing vital tools for quantifying and contextualizing its effects.

#TimeDilation, #ClockDiscrepancies, #MechanicalDeformation,

Electron’s Matter-to-Antimatter Transition: A Framework of Extended Classical Mechanics.

Soumendra Nath Thakur

December 02, 2024

Abstract:

This study explores the dynamics of an electron transitioning from matter to antimatter-like behaviour within the framework of extended classical mechanics. As the electron accelerates toward the speed of light, its matter mass (Mᴍ) diminishes, and negative apparent mass (− Mᵃᵖᵖ) becomes dominant, leading to a shift from gravitational attraction to antigravitational effects. The resulting structural implications suggest a breakdown of the electron's traditional matter form, transitioning it into a state governed by negative effective mass. These findings provide critical insights into the interplay of matter mass, apparent mass, and the forces acting in extreme conditions.

Keywords: Negative Apparent Mass, Matter Mass Transition, Antigravity Effects, Effective Mass Dynamics, Electron Structural Breakdown,

Dynamics of Negative Apparent Mass and the Matter-to-Antimatter Transition

In the context of extended classical mechanics, an important aspect of negative apparent mass (−Mᵃᵖᵖ) and how it interacts with positive matter mass (Mᴍ) as the electron accelerates, particularly when approaching high velocities. To reflect this, we need to focus on the dynamics between the electron’s matter mass and apparent mass, and how these interplay as the electron approaches the speed of light, eventually making the matter mass negligible and the apparent mass dominant. This leads to the effective mass transitioning toward negative values, which could imply a shift from gravitational attraction to antigravitational effects.

Structural Implications of Negative Apparent Mass:

As the negative apparent mass −Mᵃᵖᵖ becomes dominant, it exerts an increasing pressure on the positive matter mass of the electron, which can cause the structural integrity of the electron to be compromised.

The pressure exerted by the negative apparent mass could overwhelm the electron's normal structure, potentially leading to its disintegration or transformation into a state where the traditional concept of "matter" no longer applies in the usual sense.

The key insight here is that as the electron accelerates to high speeds, its matter mass Mᴍ becomes negligible, and the negative apparent mass −Mᵃᵖᵖ becomes dominant.

This transition leads to the effective mass becoming negative, which shifts the electron’s behaviour from gravitational attraction to antigravity.

As the kinetic energy increases, it is no longer just a result of the matter mass, but instead is primarily driven by the negative apparent mass, which could result in the electron reaching speeds near c and transitioning to a state where its structural integrity is challenged by the forces acting on it.

Electron Transition from Matter to Antimatter:

Transition from Matter to Antimatter:

As the electron's velocity increases toward the speed of light, the negative apparent mass (−Mᵃᵖᵖ) becomes dominant, reducing the effective mass (Mᵉᶠᶠ).

When the velocity approaches c, the matter mass (Mᴍ) effectively becomes negligible compared to the negative apparent mass. In this state, the electron could experience antigravitational effects as a result of its negative effective mass.

This leads to the electron being subjected to forces that no longer attract it to gravitational sources, but instead, these forces would push it away from those sources. This is an antigravity effect.

Structural Integrity and Breakdown:

The most critical point is that, as the negative apparent mass grows, it exerts a counteracting pressure on the structure of the electron.

This pressure is not simply a force acting against gravitational attraction; it is a fundamental change in the dynamics of the electron's existence, transitioning it from matter to something that could potentially behave like antimatter under the extreme conditions.

Gravitational Bound Systems:

In any gravitationally bound system (such as a galaxy), as an object’s speed increases and it approaches c, it becomes increasingly difficult for the object to maintain its matter mass structure.

At the limiting point, when negative apparent mass dominates, the matter mass of the electron would no longer be able to counteract the pressure from the negative apparent mass, leading to the breakdown of its structural integrity.

Thus, the electron would no longer behave as conventional matter; its behaviour would be governed by its negative effective mass, and its structure could potentially collapse or dissipate under these extreme conditions. This breakdown explains why no matter can survive as matter within a gravitationally bound system at light's speeds, where negative apparent mass takes over and results in antigravity.

In essence, the application of force to accelerate matter to light's speeds in a gravitationally bound system results in a transition from a gravitationally attractive state to a repulsive, antigravitational state governed by negative effective mass.

Conclusion:

The framework of extended classical mechanics provides a novel lens to understand the transition of an electron from matter-like behaviour to an antimatter-like state. As the electron accelerates toward the speed of light, its positive matter mass (Mᴍ) diminishes, and the negative apparent mass (−Mᵃᵖᵖ) becomes dominant. This transition redefines its effective mass (Mᵉᶠᶠ), leading to a shift from gravitational attraction to antigravitational effects. The interplay of these mass components, under extreme conditions, challenges the structural integrity of the electron, potentially transforming it beyond the traditional concept of matter. These findings elucidate a critical mechanism by which matter, under intense forces and velocities, could evolve into a state exhibiting antimatter-like properties, driven by the dominance of negative effective mass.

Description of Mathematical Terms:

1. c (speed of light): A fundamental constant in physics, representing the maximum speed within a gravitationally bound system at which information or matter can travel in a vacuum, approximately 3 × 10⁸ m/s.

2. F (force): A vector quantity representing the interaction that changes the motion of an object, calculated in extended classical mechanics as  F = (Mᴍ − Mᵃᵖᵖ)⋅aᵉᶠᶠ.

3. KE (kinetic energy): The energy an object possesses due to its motion, driven by both matter mass (Mᴍ) and negative apparent mass (− Mᵃᵖᵖ) in this context.

4. Mᵃᵖᵖ (apparent mass): A concept in extended classical mechanics representing the negative contribution to effective mass, arising from kinetic energy or other dynamic effects.

5. Mᵉᶠᶠ (effective mass): The net mass of a system combining matter mass (Mᴍ) and apparent mass (Mᵃᵖᵖ), expressed as Mᵉᶠᶠ = Mᴍ − Mᵃᵖᵖ. It governs the dynamic response to forces.

6. Mᴍ (matter mass): The intrinsic positive mass of an object, such as an electron, representing its rest mass without motion effects.

7. Mᴍ,ᴘᴇ (matter mass potential energy): The contribution to energy arising from the object's position within a potential field, linked to its intrinsic mass (Mᴍ).

8. Mᵃᵖᵖ,ᴋᴇ (apparent mass kinetic energy):The kinetic energy associated with the negative apparent mass, highlighting the dominant role of Mᵃᵖᵖ at high velocities.

9. PE (potential energy): Energy stored in an object due to its position within a gravitational or other force field, related to Mᴍ.

10. v (velocity): The speed and direction of motion of an object. In this context, v approaches c, leading to significant effects on Mᴍ, Mᵉᶠᶠ, and F.

These terms collectively describe the dynamics of matter, apparent mass, and energy transitions in the framework of extended classical mechanics.

A Novel Interpretation in Extended Classical Mechanics:

This ground breaking paper introduces a transformative perspective on the behaviour of matter at extreme velocities, redefining classical mechanics by incorporating the concept of negative apparent mass. This novel mathematical framework has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of mass, energy, and gravitational dynamics.

Key Contributions:

• Reinterpretation of Classical Mechanics: By integrating negative apparent mass, the paper redefines classical mechanics, offering new insights into the behaviour of matter at relativistic speeds.

• Addressing Long-Standing Questions: The framework provides a fresh approach to understanding phenomena such as matter's interaction in strong gravitational fields and the enigmatic nature of dark energy.

• Pathway for Future Research: The theoretical constructs establish a robust foundation for advancing research in cosmology, astrophysics, and particle physics.

Potential Implications:

The findings could influence a wide array of physics subfields, paving the way for exploring antigravitational effects, particle behaviour near the speed of light, and the evolution of matter under extreme conditions.

While experimental validation remains essential, the paper's rigorous mathematical and theoretical underpinnings mark it as a significant contribution to the field of physics, opening new horizons for discovery and innovation.

#NegativeApparentMass, #MatterMassTransition, #AntigravityEffects, #EffectiveMassDynamics,