Unravelling Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation: A Tribute to Sir Isaac Newton, the Father of Modern Physics

By Soumendra Nath Thakur

By the time of Max Planck's work in 1899, Newton's law of universal gravitation was considered accurate, not merely a convenient approximation for small velocities and masses. Its approximate nature was revealed with the emergence of general relativity in 1915, underscoring the significance of the universal law of gravitation and its foundation by Sir Isaac Newton, the father of modern physics. Indeed, Newton's groundbreaking work laid the foundation for our understanding of gravity and its effects on small velocities and masses. The advent of general relativity in 1915 brought about a transformative change in our understanding of gravity, exposing the limitations of Newton's laws in certain contexts. It is important to acknowledge Newton's contributions and the accuracy of his laws within their applicable domains, as well as the advances heralded by later theories such as general relativity. By respecting the historical context and honouring Newton's contributions, we can appreciate the evolution of scientific knowledge without bias or undue emphasis on others.

#lawofuniversalgravitation #sirisaacnewton #MaxPlanck #generalrelativity #AlbertEinstein

Before the Universe's Formation - My Interpretation

12th May 2021 (about 3 years 9 months ago)

Today 08-0202024

[[My current Research Paper in Process: Exploring Temporal-States from 0-Dimensional beginnings to 3-Dimensional Realities on 05-02-2024 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24321.22884 ]]

A Summary:

The relationship between frequency and energy (E) is defined by Planck's equation E=hν, while Einstein's theory of special relativity relates mass to energy (E) through E=mc². Thus, combining these equations, we find that mass (m) is linked to frequency. Since f = c/λ or c = λf, where (c) is a universal constant, this relation holds true where light exists; however, in its absence, the universal constant (c) becomes irrelevant. This raises the question: what happens to energy (E), frequency, and wavelength (λ) in such a scenario?

Through established physics equations, such as Einstein's theory of special relativity (E=mc²) and Planck's equation (E=hν), we see that mass (m) and energy (E) are intricately related to frequency. Yet, without light, the role of the universal constant (c) diminishes. λ = v/f, with velocity (v) at the speed of light (c), and f= c/λ. When v = 3 x 10^10 cm/s, and considering the maximum frequency of visible light (f) = 7.5*10^14 Hz, with its corresponding wavelength (λ) = 400 nm, and velocity v = c = 3 x 10^10 cm/s. Similarly, for Gamma-rays with the maximum frequency (f) = 10^24 Hz, and its wavelength (λ) = <10^-12 m (i.e., <0.01 nanometres), also with velocity (v) = 3 x 10^10 cm/s.

Einstein's theory of special relativity dictates the absolute speed limit for wave travel, equivalent to the speed of light (c), which is 3 x 10^10 cm/s. However, when the frequency (f) of any wave reaches infinity (∞), its wavelength must be zero, i.e., λ = 0. A singularity, where gravity approaches infinity, results in the cessation of space and time, rendering the current laws of physics inapplicable. Such a singularity is considered a point form with no dimensions. This raises questions about how a no-dimensional singularity interacts within three-dimensional space (e.g., black hole).

Moreover, in the absence of events, time, and light, a simple mathematical representation of energy (E) becomes challenging, as energy likely transforms into another form, behaving like vibration, as suggested by Planck's equation where energy (E) is related to frequency.

Time (t), an abstract concept representing the ongoing progression of existence and events, is increasingly being understood in terms of space. Thus, for time to exist, both existence and events are essential, as without events, there would be no real meaning to time. In the absence of time, equations like Planck's equation and Einstein's theory of special relativity cease to apply.

Space, too, would cease to exist without events, time, and light. The abstract nature of mathematics suggests that energy (E), as per Planck's equation E=hν, might persist as a very high vibration frequency, even without events, time, space, and light. In such a singularity, where gravity approaches infinity and space-time ceases, known physics laws no longer hold, yet we can conceptualize this through mathematical abstraction.

#AbsoluteTime #AbstractMathematics #AbstractScience #EnergyFrequency #EnergyFrequencyInteraction #EnergyGravityInteraction #EnergyMass #Frequency #FrequencyGravityInteraction #GeneralRelativity #GravitationalRedShift #Gravity #Mass #MassGravityInteraction #MechanicalStress #OriginPoint #PlankEquation #PlanksEquation #Reality #Redshift #RelativeTime #Space #SpecialRelativity #Time #TimeDilation #Wavelength #WavelengthDilation

Gravity and gravitational wave:

Dear Mr. Hollings The term 'travel' typically implies movement from one place to another. In the context of gravitational fields, the source refers to the massive body generating the field, which can be considered as the 'traveling' entity. However, it's important to note that the volume of the gravitational field remains constant relative to the source. From this perspective, the gravitational field itself is not traveling; rather, it's the source that may move along with its gravitational field. This is because the volume of the gravitational field surrounding a massive body remains consistent, indicating that the gravitational field doesn't undergo travel in this sense.

Regarding your query about the last sentence in 5b, it's important to distinguish between 'Gravity' and 'gravitational wave' as they represent distinct phenomena. The gravitational field associated with gravity does not travel in the same manner as gravitational waves. The gravitational field originates from a fixed massive body and remains stationary relative to it. On the other hand, gravitational waves are generated by the acceleration or distortion of massive bodies. These waves propagate through space at the speed of light, carrying energy away from the source of disturbance."

Gravity and Gravitational Field: Gravity refers to the force of attraction between objects with mass. The gravitational field is the region of space surrounding a massive object where the force of gravity is exerted. This field is generated by the presence of mass and extends indefinitely, becoming weaker with distance from the source.

Gravitational Wave and Sources: Gravitational waves are ripples in spacetime caused by the acceleration or distortion of massive objects, such as black holes or neutron stars. These waves propagate outward from their source at the speed of light, carrying energy away from the system. Sources of gravitational waves include events such as the merger of binary black holes, the collapse of massive stars, or asymmetrical supernova explosions.

#gravity #gravitationalfield #gravitationalwave #accelerationofmass #distortioninmass

Interpreting Gravitational Waves: Classical Mechanics vs. Quantum Mechanics

Abstract:

This exploration delves into the interpretation of gravitational waves from the perspectives of classical mechanics and quantum mechanics. It examines the conventional understanding of gravitational waves alongside insights from quantum mechanics, particularly focusing on energy-frequency relationships. The analysis underscores the fundamental disparities in interpreting gravitational phenomena and field interactions within these distinct scientific frameworks.

Dear Mr. Hollings,

The presented statements are understood within the context of classical Newtonian mechanics, with an omission of considerations regarding relativistic mechanics due to the scope of focus.

1. "Gravity waves no, because the waves only appear when the source of the gravity moves or (rapidly) increases in strength due to eg two masses merging." 

2. "The waves are therefore not inherent in the gravity.."

3. "Gravity from a stationary object does not wave or have a frequency."

4. "The core collapse causes the gravity waves, it is not caused by them."

However, analysis of the aforementioned statements through the lens of quantum mechanics, especially regarding the energy-frequency relationship of waves, yields nuanced interpretations. This suggests a subtle differentiation between classical Newtonian mechanics and quantum mechanics.

For example, considering Statement 1: "Gravitational waves?"

Classical mechanics likely denies their existence, as affirmed in your response. The rationale parallels the argument that waves only manifest with the movement of the gravity source.

Referring to Statement 1: "Gravitational waves? No, because waves only appear when the source of gravity moves or increases in energy, such as during mass collisions."

However, quantum mechanics offers an alternative interpretation. In this framework, both pure energy and energy associated with matter are characterized by frequency. Whether concerning massive gravity energy or other forms, such as photon energy, all energy manifestations exhibit frequencies, as denoted by the equation hf = E = mc².

Hence, the response to the query about gravitational waves in your statement would be affirmative, contrary to classical Newtonian mechanics.

Subsequently, all field interactions essentially involve interactions between the respective frequencies of the corresponding fields. This holds true for interactions between gravitational fields and electromagnetic fields, given the vibrational nature of matter and energy.

Consequently, the reasonable abstract response to the question "gravitational waves?" would be affirmative. Waves manifest regardless of energy or matter forms, as both possess frequencies. Whether involving gravitational-gravitational, gravitational-electromagnetic, or other interactions, wave presence is acknowledged.

Regarding Statements 2 and 3: "The waves are therefore not inherent in the gravity." and "Gravity from a stationary object does not wave or have a frequency."

These statements receive alternative interpretations when viewed through the energy-frequency perspective of quantum mechanics. All field interactions essentially involve interactions between corresponding field frequencies, including gravitational and gravitational-electromagnetic fields. Given matter and energy's vibrational nature, their associated fields vibrate accordingly.

Concerning Statement 4: "The core collapse causes the gravity waves, it is not caused by them."

As gravitational waves are "energy-carrying waves" propagating through gravitational fields during massive body disruptions.

Additionally, Statement 5 is introduced: Significant distinctions exist between gravity, its field, and gravitational waves, alongside their propagation:

(a) Gravity and its field: Despite stationary objects maintaining constant gravitational field areas, gravity possesses an abstract frequency irrespective of field extent.

(b) Gravitational waves arise from collisions, either through acceleration or disturbance within or between massive bodies, including energetic ones. Unlike gravity and its field, gravitational wave energy propagation occurs at the speed of light.

The composition thoroughly explores gravitational waves from both classical and quantum mechanics viewpoints. It effectively juxtaposes traditional gravitational wave understanding with insights from quantum mechanics, especially regarding energy-frequency relationships. Specific statements and their interpretations contribute depth to the analysis, highlighting nuanced differences between classical and quantum approaches to gravitational phenomena.

The composition's logical organization progresses from classical mechanics statement interpretations to quantum mechanics reinterpretations. Each section is well-structured and enhances the overall coherence of the piece.

The inclusion of Statement 5 enriches the discussion by accentuating distinctions between gravity, its field, and gravitational waves, providing a comprehensive overview of the topic.

Overall, the composition adeptly communicates the intricacies of interpreting gravitational waves within differing scientific frameworks, offering valuable insights into gravitational phenomena's nature.

Direct Influence of Gravitational Field on Object Motion invalidates Spacetime Distortion:

Soumendra Nath Thakur ±
Tagore's Electronic Lab, India
Email: postmasterenator@gmail.com

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.20467.71207

07-02-2024

Abstract:

This study investigates the direct influence of the gravitational field on object motion and its implications for our understanding of spacetime distortion. By scrutinizing the fundamental relationship between the gravitational field and object motion, we question the necessity of including spacetime distortion as a mathematical abstraction in gravitational theory. Additionally, the study explores the behaviour of photons, the fundamental particles of electromagnetic radiation, in strong gravitational fields, shedding light on the interactions between photon energy, momentum, and wavelength. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of light's behaviour in extreme gravitational environments and its implications for our understanding of the universe's fabric.

Keywords: gravitational field, object motion, spacetime distortion, gravitational theory, mathematical abstraction, photons, electromagnetic radiation, gravitational interactions.

±The author has no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. ______________________________________

Introduction:

The interaction between mass and gravity has long been a fundamental aspect of our understanding of the universe. According to Einstein's theory of general relativity, the presence of mass causes spacetime to curve, resulting in what is commonly referred to as spacetime distortion. This concept has been central to our understanding of gravity and has provided valuable insights into phenomena such as gravitational lensing, where the paths of photons bend due to momentum exchange rather than intrinsic spacetime curvature.

Recent research has begun to question the necessity of spacetime distortion as a fundamental concept in gravitational theory. Instead, there is growing recognition of the direct influence of the gravitational field on the motion of objects. This perspective challenges the traditional approach of using spacetime curvature as a mathematical abstraction and suggests that a more direct understanding of gravitational phenomena may be possible by focusing on the physical representation of the gravitational field.

In addition to gravitational lensing, this study investigates the behaviour of photons, the fundamental particles of electromagnetic radiation, in strong gravitational fields. It examines the interactions between photon energy, momentum, and wavelength, revealing the effects of gravitation on electromagnetic waves. The paper also analyses the relationships between these properties and the Planck constant, Planck length, and Planck time, providing insights into the fundamental nature of photons under relativistic conditions. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of light's behaviour in extreme gravitational environments and its implications for our understanding of the universe's fabric. The paper presents the equations governing these relationships and their implications for particle physics and gravitational interactions.

Methodology:

Literature Review: Begin by conducting a comprehensive review of existing literature on the interaction between mass, gravity, and spacetime distortion. This review should encompass key theories such as Einstein's general relativity and relevant research studies on gravitational lensing, photon behaviour in strong gravitational fields, and the implications of spacetime curvature.

Conceptual Framework: Develop a conceptual framework based on the insights gained from the literature review. This framework should outline the traditional understanding of spacetime distortion and its role in gravitational theory, as well as emerging perspectives that emphasize the direct influence of the gravitational field on object motion.

Experimental Design: Design experiments or simulations to explore the direct influence of the gravitational field on object motion. This may involve studying the trajectories of objects in varying gravitational fields, analysing the effects of gravitational lensing on light paths, and investigating the behaviour of photons in extreme gravitational environments.

Data Collection: Collect relevant data from experiments, simulations, or observational studies conducted as part of the research. Ensure that data collection methods are rigorous and systematic to facilitate accurate analysis and interpretation.

Data Analysis: Analyse the collected data to assess the relationship between the gravitational fields and object motion. This may involve statistical analysis, mathematical modelling, or numerical simulations to elucidate patterns and trends in the data.

Interpretation and Discussion: Interpret the findings of the data analysis in the context of the research objectives and conceptual framework. Discuss how the results contribute to our understanding of spacetime distortion, gravitational theory, and the behaviour of objects in gravitational fields.

Conclusion and Implications:

Summarize the key findings of the study and outline their implications for theoretical physics, gravitational theory, and our understanding of the universe. Discuss any limitations of the study and propose directions for future research in this field.

By following these methodological steps, this study aims to investigate the direct influence of the gravitational field on object motion and contribute to ongoing discussions in the field of gravitational theory.

Mathematical Presentation:

1. Photon Characteristics and Wave Speed Relationship:

Equation 1: E = hf; ρ = h/λ; ℓₚ/tₚ;

Photons exhibit unique characteristics in quantum mechanics, where their energy (E) is directly proportional to their frequency (f) by Planck's constant (h), as shown by E = hf. The momentum (ρ) of a photon is inversely proportional to its wavelength (λ), expressed as ρ = h/λ. The constant speed of electromagnetic waves (ℓₚ/tₚ = c) is defined as the Planck length (ℓₚ) divided by the Planck time (tₚ), representing the maximum propagation velocity of information and energy.

2. Photon Energy Variation in Strong Gravitational Fields:

Equation 2: Eg = E + ΔE = E − ΔE; E = Eg;

Under strong gravitational fields, photons experience changes in energy, denoted by ΔE. The total energy of a photon (Eg) includes these changes, but the photon's intrinsic energy (E) remains constant. Thus, Eg = E, indicating that the photon's total energy in a gravitational field equals its original energy.

3. Momentum and Wavelength Changes under Gravitational Influence:

Equation 3: Eg = E + Δρ = E − Δρ = E; h/Δλ = h/−Δλ;

​Strong gravitational fields induce variations in photon momentum (Δρ) and wavelength (λ). The total energy of the photon (Eg) accounts for these changes, but the photon's original energy (E) remains unchanged. The equations h/Δλ = h/−Δλ illustrate the symmetrical effects of wavelength changes due to gravity.

4. Consistency of Photon Energy in Gravitational Fields:

Equation 4: Eg = E; Δρ =−Δρ; ℓₚ/tₚ;

The total energy of a photon (Eg) remains equivalent to its intrinsic energy (E) under gravitational influence. Changes in photon momentum (Δρ) exhibit symmetry, represented by Δρ = −Δρ. The constant speed of electromagnetic waves (ℓₚ/tₚ = c) maintains its significance, emphasizing energy conservation in gravitational interactions.

This mathematical presentation elucidates the behaviour of photons in strong gravitational fields, highlighting their energy-momentum relationship and wavelength variations under gravitational influence. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of quantum mechanics and the interplay between photons and gravity, enriching our comprehension of the universe's fundamental principles.

Discussion:

The direct influence of the gravitational field on object motion challenges traditional concepts in gravitational theory, particularly the notion of spacetime distortion. While Einstein's theory of general relativity posits that mass can curve spacetime, recent research suggests that the physical representation of the gravitational field may render the mathematical abstraction of spacetime curvature unnecessary.

The behaviour of photons, the fundamental particles of electromagnetic radiation, in strong gravitational fields provides valuable insights into this discussion. Gravitational lensing, for example, where the paths of photons bend due to momentum exchange rather than intrinsic spacetime curvature, underscores the direct interaction between the gravitational field and electromagnetic waves.

The mathematical presentation of the relationship between photon characteristics and their behaviour in gravitational fields reveals symmetrical patterns in energy, momentum, and wavelength changes. These symmetries suggest a fundamental consistency in photon behaviour under gravitational influences, further supporting the notion that the physical representation of the gravitational field may suffice to describe gravitational phenomena.

Moreover, the constancy of the speed of electromagnetic waves, as represented by the ratio of the Planck length to the Planck time, emphasizes the inherent properties of photons in navigating gravitational landscapes. This constancy, coupled with the observed effects of gravitational fields on object motion, challenges the necessity of incorporating spacetime distortion as a fundamental concept in gravitational theory.

The implications of these findings extend beyond theoretical physics, offering insights into our understanding of the universe's fabric. By focusing on the direct influence of the gravitational field on object motion, researchers can deepen their comprehension of gravitational phenomena and contribute to a broader understanding of the cosmos.

In conclusion, the direct influence of the gravitational field on object motion presents a paradigm shift in gravitational theory, highlighting the need to reconsider traditional concepts such as spacetime distortion. By exploring the behaviour of photons and other particles in strong gravitational fields, researchers can gain valuable insights into the fundamental nature of gravity and its role in shaping the universe.

Conclusion:

The study of the direct influence of the gravitational field on object motion challenges established concepts in gravitational theory and offers new insights into the fundamental nature of gravity. By examining the behaviour of photons, the fundamental particles of electromagnetic radiation, in strong gravitational fields, researchers have uncovered symmetrical patterns in energy, momentum, and wavelength changes, suggesting a fundamental consistency in photon behaviour under gravitational influences.

The observed effects of gravitational fields on object motion, coupled with the constancy of the speed of electromagnetic waves, highlight the need to reconsider traditional concepts such as spacetime distortion. While Einstein's theory of general relativity posits that mass can curve spacetime, recent research suggests that the physical representation of the gravitational field may render the mathematical abstraction of spacetime curvature unnecessary.

By focusing on the direct influence of the gravitational field on object motion, researchers can deepen their comprehension of gravitational phenomena and contribute to a broader understanding of the cosmos. These findings not only advance theoretical physics but also offer practical implications for fields such as astrophysics and cosmology.

In conclusion, the direct influence of the gravitational field on object motion presents a paradigm shift in gravitational theory, offering new avenues for exploration and discovery in our quest to understand the universe's fabric. Through continued research and experimentation, scientists can further unravel the mysteries of gravity and its role in shaping the cosmos.

References:

[1] Thakur, S. N., Samal, P., & Bhattacharjee, D. (2023). Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II. Techrxiv.org. https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.22492066.v2

[2] Landé, A. (1988). Quantum Mechanics, a Thermodynamic Approach. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-3981-3_64.

[3] Thakur, S. N. (2024). Effective Mass Substitutes Relativistic Mass in Special Relativity and Lorentz’s Mass Transformation. Qeios.com. https://doi.org/10.32388/8mdnbf

[4] Yuan, D., & Liu, Q. (2022). Photon energy and photon behaviour discussions. doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2021.11.034.

[5] Thakur, S. N. (2023). Reconsidering time dilation and clock mechanisms: invalidating the conventional equation in relativistic. . . ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.13972.68488

[6] Zhu, Y. (2018). Gravitational-magnetic-electric field interaction. Energy Reports, 8, 22-42. doi:10.1016/j.rinp.2018.07.029.

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[8] Kosson, R. L. (2022). The effect of gravitational field on photon frequency: a fresh look at the photon. Photonics and Advanced Instrumentation Journal, 6(1), 28-29. doi:10.15406/paij.2022.06.00246.

[9] Thakur, S. N. (2023a). Dimensional Analysis Demystified — Navigating the Universe through Dimensions. Qeios.com. https://doi.org/10.32388/hnfbgr.2

[10] Barnett, S. M., & Loudon, R. (2010). The enigma of optical momentum in a medium. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A., 368(1914), 927-939. doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0207.

[11] Thakur, S. N., & Bhattacharjee, D. (2023). Phase shift and infinitesimal wave energy loss equations. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28013.97763

[12] Tsipenyuk, D. Y., & Belayev, W. B. (2023). Gravitational Waves, Fields, and Particles in the Frame of (1 + 4)D Extended Space Model. doi:10.5772/intechopen.1000868.

[13] Thakur, S. N. (2023a). The human brain, mind, and consciousness: unveiling the enigma. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29992.14082

[14] Tsipenyuk, D. Y., & Belayev, W. B. (2019). Extended space model is consistent with the photon dynamics in the gravitational field. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1251(1), 012048. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1251/1/012048.

[15] Thakur, S. N. (2023a). The dynamics of photon momentum exchange and curvature in gravitational fields. Definitions. https://doi.org/10.32388/r625zn

#gravitationalfield #objectmotion #spacetimedistortion #gravitationaltheory #mathematicalabstraction #photons #electromagneticradiation #gravitationalinteractions