Dark energy and Newtonian gravity:

Dark energy is not very familiar to us.

But we can also observe the effect of dark energy on the Newtonian gravity of galaxies, especially in very large clusters of galaxies like the Coma Cluster.

Dark energy exists at least in intergalactic space and has effective mass <0.

Since dark energy dominates intergalactic space, Newtonian gravity has no effect where dark energy dominates.

Dark energy has no effect within the gravitational effects of galaxies.

The effect of dark energy is stronger than the effect of gravity, so it pushes away gravitationally bound galaxies or their clusters, mega or superclusters.

Dark energy causes antigravity, and engages in a tug-of-war with gravity, with dark energy always winning.

So antigravity due to dark energy pushes galaxies apart, expanding the distance between galaxies.

Affected galaxies have zero-gravity spheres around them, only outside of which dark energy dominates.

About 68% of the universe is believed to be dark energy.

Acknowledgement: The article is written from my memory of a forgotten reaserh work involving scientists of different countries.

#darkenergy #graviyy #newtonian

Difference between relativistic Doppler shift and shift due to gravitational potential difference:

[Author ORCID: 0000-0003-1871-7803]

When an oscillating body is subjected to either relative velocity or a gravitational potential difference, it can experience a phase shift in its oscillations, which can be associated with an infinitesimal loss of wave energy.

However, the difference between the relative Doppler shift and the phase shift due to the potential difference is the relative energy difference between the propagating wave and the oscillating bodies in relative position, respectively.

Doppler shift considers the frequency change of a wave in propagation but gravitational potential difference considers the frequency change of the oscillating body'. Furthermore, propagating waves even become irrelevant in terms of velocity when the oscillating body itself is in motion.

What happens when light intersects other light?

In answer I say that light is a bunch of photons and each photon has approximately the same frequency. So when light beams converge to collide with each other, the oscillations of the colliding photons will be immediately amplified but at about the same time the amplified oscillations of the photons will revert back to their previous state.

Photons will move in the direction of their motion with almost no energy expenditure. Almost no energy expenditure is possible because photons have no rest mass and therefore no reverse reaction to their collisions according to Newton's third law.

This explanation applies not only to light but also to any electromagnetic wave.

Note: Photons maintain their energy and momentum during their propagation and interactions. When two light beams converge and their photons collide, the resulting interaction can lead to the phenomena of interference. Interference occurs when the waves align constructively or destructively, resulting in amplification or cancellation of the wave amplitudes, respectively. This behavior is a characteristic of wave phenomena, including light.

The Doppler effect is the consequence of the only exception is when photon leaves gravitational well from its source.

#intersectinglight

The Clock and Time:

[Author ORCID: 0000-0003-1871-7803]

1. Clocks are designed to measure and display the passage of time in various formats.

2. The time shown on a clock can be affected by relativistic effect.

3. The phenomenon of time appearing to run differently for observers in different relative motion or in the presence of strong gravitational fields is known as time distortion.

4. A clock is a device or instrument that is designed to measure and display the passage of time.

5. A Clock shows time based on the instructions or mechanisms they are designed to follow.

6. The relativistic effects directly affect clocks.

7. In physics, time is typically treated as an independent parameter, as a fundamental dimension in which events occur. It is considered a fundamental aspect of the universe. In this sense, time itself is not subject to direct influence or change.

8. If the relativistic effects directly affect a clock, the state of time as measured by that clock would differ from the state of time as measured by an unaffected clock.

9. The clocks show time based on the instructions or mechanisms they are designed to follow. The instructions or mechanisms of clocks are not the definition of time itself, but rather they are designed to measure the passage of time in a consistent and reliable manner. Therefore, the relativistic effects cannot affect time directly since, the instructions or mechanisms of clocks are not the definition of time itself.

#clock #time

Electromagnetic Momentum Energy Speed of light Mass Planck constant Frequency and Wavelength

p = E/c = mc = hf/c = hλ

The above equation provided several important relationships in physics:

p represents momentum.

E represents energy.

c represents the speed of light in vacuum.

m represents mass.

h represents the Planck constant.

f represents frequency.

λ represents wavelength.

Each of these quantities has specific meanings and units:

Momentum (p) is the product of an object's mass (m) and its velocity (v). In the equation p = E/c = mc, the first term represents momentum, and it is equal to the energy (E) divided by the speed of light (c).

The equation E = mc^2 represents the famous mass-energy equivalence relationship proposed by Einstein in his theory of special relativity. It states that energy (E) is equal to mass (m) multiplied by the speed of light squared (c^2).

In the equation hf/c, h represents the Planck constant, f represents frequency, and c is the speed of light. This equation relates the energy of a photon (hf) to its momentum (p) through the speed of light (c).

Finally, the equation hλ relates the Planck constant (h) to the wavelength (λ) of a wave or particle.

It's important to note that these equations are derived and applicable within specific physical theories, such as special relativity and quantum mechanics. They have been extensively tested and confirmed by experimental observations. Each equation represents a different aspect of physical phenomena and provides a mathematical description of the relationships between various quantities.

p = E/c: This equation relates momentum (p) to energy (E) through the speed of light (c). It is derived from special relativity and indicates that the momentum of a particle is equal to its energy divided by the speed of light.

mc: This equation represents the relativistic mass (m) of an object multiplied by the speed of light (c). It is another formulation derived from special relativity, which relates mass and energy.

hf/c: This equation relates the momentum (p) of a photon to its frequency (f) and the speed of light (c). It is derived from the equation for the momentum of a photon, which is given by p = hf/c, where h is the Planck constant.

hλ: This equation relates the momentum (p) of a photon to its wavelength (λ) through the Planck constant (h). It is another formulation of the equation for the momentum of a photon.