Space is an infinite three-dimensional extent, where objects and events contain relative position and direction.
Dimension is an extension of the abstract concept of mathematics. For example, a line is one-dimensional, a plane is two-dimensional and space is three-dimensional.
In 1899, Max Planck suggested that there existed some fundamental natural units for length, mass, time and energy. He derived these using dimensional analysis, using only the Newton gravitational constant, the speed of light and the Planck constant - it was not yet called then.
The Planck length can be defined from three fundamental physical constants: the speed of light, the Planck constant, and the gravitational constant.
The Planck length is expected to be the shortest measurable distance, since any attempt to investigate the possible existence of shorter distances, by performing higher-energy collisions, would inevitably result in black hole production.
The Planck length is approximately the size of a black hole where quantum and gravitational effects are at the same scale: where its Compton wavelength and Schwarzschild radius are approximately the same
The Planck length is about 10^−20 times the diameter of a proton
The Planck length is the length at which quantum zero oscillations of the gravitational field completely distort Euclidean geometry. The gravitational field performs zero-point oscillations, and the geometry associated with it also oscillates.
Reference: Planck Unit - from Scholarly Community Encyclopedia
The GPS satellites orbit at an altitude of about d = 20,000 km.
Experiments carried out in electronic laboratories on piezoelectric crystal oscillator show that the variations in wavelength, due to relativistic effects, correspond to time shift.
The time interval T(deg) for 1° phase is inversely proportional to the frequency (f). We get a wave associated with time change.
For example, a 1° phase shift in a 5 MHz wave corresponds to a time change of 555 picoseconds:
For a wave of frequency f = 5 MHz, we get the phase shift (degrees°).
Thus, for a 1° phase shift for a wave frequency f = 5 MHz, the time shift (time delay) Δt = 555 ps (approx).
Accordingly, for a 360° phase shift (one complete cycle: 1Hz.) of 9192631770 Hz wave of Cesium-133 atomic clock, the time shift (time delay) Δt = 0.0000001087827757077666 ms.
#GPS #GPSSatellites
My strong feeling is that Einstein's theories of relativity do not represent a pure and dedicated scientific work. Although his works are fundamental in character, and they are of a very high level - this is why his work should have included considerable self-observation and experimentation - as we see in the dedicated works of Max Planck and other scientists. Rather, Einstein's theories of relativity seem to derive from or refer to the work of other scientists.
Since Einstein's works are highly contextualized by the work of other scientists, and his work is less original, it is unfortunate and problematic that any scientific review or criticism of Einstein's work that seeks to falsify it must first accurately falsify the work of other scientists, only then will it be possible to begin attempts to falsify any of Einstein's works.. This would not have been the case if Einstein's theory of relativity had been Einstein's original work. Einstein seems to have carefully formulated his theories of relativity so that attempts to falsify them are not easy.
Relative time is derived from relative frequency. It is the phase shift in relative frequency due to the infinitesimal loss of wave energy and the corresponding increase in the wavelength of oscillation; which occurs at any clock between relative positions due to the relativistic effect or difference in gravitational potential; result error in the reading of clock time; which is incorrectly represented as time dilation.
As T=1/f,
1° phase shift = T/360 = (1/f)/360.
For a wave of frequency f = 5 MHz, we get the phase shift (degrees °).
= (1/5000000)/360
= (5.55x10^-10)
= 555 ps.
Einstein's theory of special relativity claims to take away the independence of time and make time 'natural', where the proper time (t) depends on the gravitational effect or relativistic effect and is expressed as t < t' where t' is time dilation, contradicting this expression The classical mechanics expression is t = t' where time (t, t') is absolute.
Einstein's equation of time dilation is wrong as it is a conjectural equation based on the classical Doppler formula. The experimental results given below refute the conjectural equation of time dilation and have been able to disprove it altogether. The theory of special relativity states that the proper time (t) is dependent on the relativistic effect expressed as t < t' where t' is the time dilation.
Real events invoke time. The drawback of the time dilation equation t՚ = t/√(1-v²/c²) is that the gravitational or relativistic effect of real phenomena can never correspond to the proper time (t) - referred to in the fourth dimension. This means that the real part of the equation {1/√(1-v²/c²)} cannot affect or interact with the proper time (t) so, the dilated time (t’) does not enlarge but remains the same as in the proper time (t)., as in the expression is t = t'.
Experiments carried out in electronic laboratories on piezoelectric crystal oscillator show that the waves are consistent with time variations due to relativistic effects.
We find that the wavelength λ of a wave is directly proportional to the period of the wave, i.e. λ ∝ T derived from the wave equation f = 1/T = v/λ = E/h where the wavelength λ of a wave is directly proportional to the period T.
Where, the time interval T(deg) for 1° phase is inversely proportional to the frequency (f). We get a wave associated with time change.
For example, a 1° phase shift in a 5 MHz wave corresponds to a time change of 555 picoseconds (ps). The evidence is:
As
we know, 1° phase shift = T/360.
Therefore, for a 1° phase shift for a wave of wavelength λ = 59.95m, and frequency f = 5 MHz, the time shift (time delay) Δt = 555 ps (approx).
Furthermore, for a 360° phase shift or, 1 complete cycle for a wave with a frequency of 1Hz (of a 9192631770 Hz wave); Time shift (time delay) Δt = 0.0000001087827757077666 ms (approx).
Cesium-133 atomic clock time change on GPS satellites in space:
For
a 1455.50003025° phase shift (or, 4.043055639583333 cycles) of the 9192631770
Hz wave; Time variation (time delay) Δt = 0.0000004398148148148148 ms (approx)
or, 38 microseconds are taken per day.
Conclusion: Wavelength enlargement of clock oscillations due to relativistic effects, or gravitational potential differences in clock mechanisms caused similar errors in clock time readings, erroneously represented as time dilation. Time dilation is rather wavelength dilation.
My opinion about space and time: I think that space is rather a three-dimensional (x, y, z) mathematical concept, where real force fields exist and interact, rather than a fabric of space-time. Nothing interact space or time. There are only inter-energetic field interactions.
By interprating Max Planck, the velocity limit of a gravitationally bound object is: There is a certain speed limit to which gravitationally bound objects can travel.
However, such a constraint does not apply to metric expansion within intergalactic space affected by antigravity caused by dark energy; whose effective mass, as it appears, is less than zero (<0).
Max Planck showed us that anything above a threshold frequency becomes meaningless to us. The Planck length is the smallest possible length beyond which the application of known laws of physics becomes meaningless. So that the Planck length is the limit where frequency can be meaningful to us, but beyond that limit any wave frequency that carries information will be imperceptible to us.
Accordingly, the velocity of electromagnetic waves or light is equal to one Planck length per Planck period; The limit at which a gravitationally bound object can travel. This value is equal to c.
So, before relativity came into existence, Planck's law could have determined the speed of light.
According to Max Planck the velocity of electromagnetic waves equals to one Planck length per Planck time; the limit to which photon can travel.
Planck time ~ 5.39×10^−44 s.
Planck length ~ 1.61626×10^−35 m.
Therefore, speed of electromagnetic wave is constant through the equations of Max Planck and Combined with Albert Einstein.
c = ~3x10^8 m/s = fλ = √E/m.
