A Comprehensive Analysis of Photon Dynamics in Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM):

Soumendra Nath Thakur 
March 12, 2025

In the following discussion, we delve into the intricate dynamics of photons as explained by Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), challenging traditional interpretations while extending the framework to incorporate gravitational and antigravitational effects. Below is a synthesis of this conversation, highlighting all key points discussed:

Photon Dynamics and Negative Apparent Mass:

In ECM, photons exhibit negative apparent mass due to their interaction with gravitational and antigravitational fields.

The effective mass of a photon is given by 

𝑀eff =−𝑀app, 

as the photon has zero matter mass (𝑀m = 0).

This negative apparent mass contributes to self-antigravitational effects, with the force acting on a photon defined as 

𝐹photon = −𝑀app ⋅ 𝑎eff.

Photon Energies in Gravitational Fields:

A photon carries two types of energy:

Inherent Energy (𝐸): Derived from its frequency at emission (𝐸 = ℎ⋅𝑓) and remains conserved unless external influences act upon it.

Gravitational Interaction Energy (𝐸𝑔): Gained or expended by the photon as it traverses a gravitational field.

As photons approach a massive body, they gain energy (𝐸𝑔) and exhibit blueshift. Upon exiting the field, they lose 𝐸𝑔, exhibiting redshift, while their inherent energy (𝐸) remains unaffected outside gravitational influence.

Gravitational Lensing via ECM:

ECM attributes gravitational lensing to the curvature of the external gravitational field, rather than spacetime curvature. Photons interact symmetrically with this field, bending their paths while maintaining their inherent energy.

Cosmic Resession and Antigravitational Effects:

ECM reinterprets cosmic recession as the physical separation of galaxies driven by antigravitational forces, rejecting the geometric expansion of spacetime.

In intergalactic, anti-gravitationally dominated regions, photons experience cosmic redshift due to the recession of galaxies and the increasing space between them, beyond the speed of light.

Potential Role of Antigravity in Photon Dynamics:

A novel hypothesis suggests that antigravity may assist photons in retaining their inherent energy or stabilizing their negative apparent mass through interactions with antigravitational fields.

While theoretically plausible within ECM, this hypothesis requires further mathematical exploration to confirm its validity.

Zero-Gravity Zones and Photon Behaviour:

ECM proposes the existence of zero-gravity spheres at the junctions of gravitational and antigravitational fields. In such zones, photons could theoretically travel without significant energy expenditure, albeit such regions are extremely rare in the universe.

Conclusion:

ECM offers an alternative, force-based framework for understanding photon dynamics, providing insights into phenomena such as blueshift, redshift, gravitational lensing, and cosmic recession. By shifting the focus from spacetime geometry to interactions governed by forces, ECM deepens our understanding of the interplay between gravitational and antigravitational influences on photons, while proposing hypotheses like antigravity-assisted energy retention that open new doors for exploration.