Soumendra Nath Thakur
ORCiD:0000-0003-1871-7803
November 24, 2024
Abstract:
This research bridges classical mechanics and quantum theory to explore the dynamics of photons within gravitational fields, emphasizing the roles of effective and negative apparent mass. We propose an extended classical mechanics framework that integrates the photon's energy, frequency, and effective mass to explain its interaction with gravitational forces. A key component of this framework is the concept of negative apparent mass (−Mᵃᵖᵖ), which influences the photon's trajectory and energy dynamics, particularly in strong gravitational wells. The negative force resulting from this negative mass enables photons to escape gravitational fields without decelerating, maintaining their constant speed of light, c. This analysis provides a new perspective on gravitational redshift, lensing, and energy conservation in gravitational systems, offering insights into how energy-momentum exchange drives photon behaviour. Furthermore, we draw an analogy between the photon’s negative effective mass and dark energy, suggesting a unified principle of energy-momentum interaction that applies both locally and universally. The study unifies classical mechanics and quantum theory, highlighting a dynamic interplay that has profound implications for our understanding of photon dynamics and broader cosmological phenomena.
Keywords:
Photon dynamics, gravitational fields, classical mechanics, quantum theory, effective mass, negative apparent mass, gravitational redshift, gravitational lensing, energy conservation, dark energy, energy-momentum exchange.
Introduction
The study of photon dynamics within gravitational fields lies at the intersection of classical mechanics and quantum theory, offering profound insights into the nature of energy, mass, and gravitational interactions. Photons, though devoid of rest mass, exhibit behaviour in gravitational fields that challenges traditional frameworks. These interactions reveal key insights into intrinsic properties such as effective mass and negative apparent mass, providing a deeper understanding of phenomena like gravitational redshift, lensing, and energy conservation. Furthermore, these studies open pathways to addressing broader cosmological questions, including dark energy and the accelerated expansion of the universe.
In classical mechanics, force is governed by the interaction of mass and acceleration, while quantum theory describes photons via their energy and momentum. Reconciling these perspectives requires an extended framework of classical mechanics that accommodates the unique dynamics of photons. Central to this extension is the concept of effective mass (Mᵉᶠᶠ), directly linked to the photon’s energy through Mᵉᶠᶠ = E/c² = h⋅f/c². In parallel, the introduction of negative apparent mass (Mᵃᵖᵖ) elucidates photon motion under gravitational influence, highlighting the interplay of energy and momentum without invoking the geometric constructs of spacetime curvature.
This framework is formalized through the force equation Fₚₕₒₜₒₙ =−Mᵃᵖᵖ⋅aᵉᶠᶠ, where the negative apparent mass generates a force opposing gravitational attraction. This dynamic ensures that photons escape gravitational wells while preserving their invariant speed c. It also provides a coherent explanation for instantaneous acceleration to c upon emission and the redistribution of energy through gravitational redshift during propagation.
A critical implication of this approach is its connection to dark energy, particularly the role of negative effective mass in driving universal expansion. By linking photon dynamics to cosmic phenomena, the framework suggests a unified principle governing both localized gravitational interactions and large-scale cosmological processes.
By extending classical mechanics to incorporate quantum principles, this research presents a cohesive framework that reconciles the quantum and macroscopic scales. It eliminates the necessity of spacetime curvature by directly attributing gravitational effects to the energy-momentum exchange between photons and gravitational fields. The implications of this approach are vast, spanning theoretical advancements in photon dynamics and practical applications in astrophysics and cosmology.
The sections that follow develop the mathematical underpinnings of these ideas, explore their physical interpretations, and connect them to broader cosmological phenomena, paving the way for a unified understanding of photon dynamics and their role in the universe.
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#Photondynamics, #gravitationalfields, #classicalmechanics, #quantumtheory, #effectivemass, #negativeapparentmass, #gravitationalredshift, #gravitationallensing, #energyconservation, #darkenergy, #energymomentumexchange,
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